| The summer resorts of China began at the end of the 19th Century under the colonial policies of western countries. This paper aims to clarify the establishment of summer resorts under semi-colonial policies and its development under nationalism.;Based on review and analysis of the historical resources ranged from guide books to official documents, this study compared various types of summer resorts, mainly mountain resorts, of that period.;It is found that the summer resorts of modern China were hybrid type of hill-station (Britain India), holy-resort (US) and seaside resort (UK). Missionaries played a pioneer role of the establishment of the summer resorts because of the land and estate policies under semi-colonial society. Since 1920s, the progress of nationalism has influenced every social territory in China including tourism and its development. Instead of the foreigners, Well-to-do Chinese became the leading character in summer resorts' management. The passionate nationalism didn't make the resorts for alien resident stagnation or call the serious conflicts between foreigners and Chinese just like those in the same period. But their efforts made the resorts more Chinese traditionally.;In conclusion, the author argued the Anglo-Centric bias of the research in tourism history. An inter-linked frame of reference can be applied to construct a new tourism history under globalization nowadays. |
