| Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM) are the most vigorous traditional medicine systems in the world. Both the government of China and India recognize and protect the development of Traditional Medicine and attaches great importance to promote the role of Traditional Medicine in the national health system. The history and current situation of TIM, domestic and oversea development strategy of TIM have greatly comparability with TCM. TIM has become the strongest competitor in the international trade of TCM. But we know little about TIM over long periods, especially the modern development of the TIM.In order to providing new experience and reference for the domestic and oversea development of TCM, it is necessary to study the modern development of TIM, including the policy and administration, the resource and service, the education and scientific research, the industry, and the internationalization, etc.Research ProgressThe TIM studies conducted by the Chinese Researcher mainly focuse on the historical communication, Medical Treatises, and the modern experimental research of Ayurvedic medicines, etc. In recent years, there are some comparative studies on the basic theories, education, scientific research, literature quantities in the MEDLINE, and international influence between TCM and TIM.Research of Medical Treatises of Ayurveda attracts many European and American researchers. They’ve got many achievements in Medical Treatises collation and translations. With the continually growing of international influence of TIM, they began the modern experimental and clinical study of TIM, including the theory of Ayurveda, herbal medicines of Ayurveda, therapeutic method of TIM, compound and food supplements of TIM, etc. The comparative study between TCM and TIM also attracts the interests of Indian researchers; they conduct the comparative studies between TIM AND TCM, including the basic theories, the quality control of herbal medicines, research direction, the influence of administrative policy on the international herbal markets, etc. Purpose and MeaningThis study intends to carry out the comparative study on the modern development of national policy, administration, medical resource and service, education, research, and medical industry between TCM and TIM, so as to find out the problem and deficiency existing in the domestic and international development of TCM, and expound the instructions to the domestic and international development of TCM. Furthermore, this study will promote the exchange and development of TCM and TIM, and promote the healthy development of traditional medicine in the world.Contents1. Comparatively analysis of the current situation and difference of the modern development of Tradition Medicine between China and India, including the national policy and administration, medical resource and service, scientific research, education, industry, and international trade, etc.2. Comparatively analysis the effects of the strategies, policies and measures for the development of Traditional Medicine conducted by the government of China and India, so as to find out the problems and deficiencies existing in the domestic and internationalized development of TCM.3. Expound the revelations to the domestic and internationalized development of TCM aiming at the problems and deficiencies.Methods1. Literature analysisWidely collect the literatures and documents of the development of TM in China and India through the domestic and foreign periodical literature databases, books, internet resources, etc. and collect the text of the policies, laws and regulations, so as to analysis the current situation and difference of the development of TCM and TIM.2. Statistical AnalysisCollect the governmental statistical data about the medical resource and service, education, industry and international trade of TCM and TIM. According to the different statistical indicators, calculate the increase growth, average annual growth rate, percentage, etc. and analysis the current situation and difference of TCM and TIM through the quantitative analysis.3. Comparison and reasoningComparatively analysis the effects of the strategies, policies and the administration mode for the development of TM conducted by the government of China and India, so as to analysis the successful experiences and use for reference for each other. Fourthmore, expound the revelations to the domestic development of TCM.4. Competitive intelligence methodThis study uses the method of "Competitor Analysis" and "SWOT analysis" on the compare of internationalization between TCM and TIM. Fourthmore expounds the revelations to the internationalization development of TCM.Main Results1. Legislation and administration1.1ResultsIn the early1970s, India began the legislative management of TIM and homeopathy. The Indian government adopts the centralized management mode for the administration of medical service, education, scientific research, industry and trade. It is helpful for the implementation of the national policies on TIM. China has no TCM legislation so far. Several ministries and commissions involve the administration of TCM, and the regulatory agencies below the provincial level are organizationally imperfect.1.2Revelations to the development of TCMThe Indian government adopts the centralized management mode for the administration of TIM, it greatly promote the development of medical service, education, scientific research, industry and trade of TIM. Acorrdign to the current cituation of our country, the government could strength the macro-contral of TCM on the current management model. Legislate on TCM, including the fundamental law of TCM, Chinese herbal medicine and ethnic medicine conservation law, and law for protection of Intellectual property of TCM, etc. Centralized the administration of TCM, perfect the regulatory agencies below the provincial level, and adjust the function of the TCM administrative authorities, and promote the development of law-based management system.2. Medical resource and service2.1Statistical data analysisIn2012, the number of AYUSH hospitals was3195, made up27.5%of the total number of hospitals in India; the number of beds in AYUSH institutions was58thousands, made up9.7%of the total number of beds; the number of AYUSH doctors was726thousands, makes up43.7%of the total number of doctors. About76.3%District Hospitals,51.6%Community Health Centre’s, and35.7%Primary Health Centre’s had been co-located with AYUSH facilities till2012.In2012, the number of TCM hospitals was3397, made up14.7%of the total number of the hospitals; the number of TCM beds was613thousands, made up10.7%of the total number of beds; the number of registered (assistant) doctors of TCM was357thousands, made up13.6%of the total number of registered (assistant) doctors. The number of visits of TCM made up15.1%of the total number of the visits; the number of inpatients of TCM made up11.4%of the total number of inpatients.In2012, the number of TCM hospital per ten million populations was25.1, the number of AYUSH hospital per ten million populations was25.9; the number of TCM clinic per ten thousand populations was0.3, the number of AYUSH dispensary per ten thousand populations was0.2; the number of beds in TCM institutions per ten thousand populations was4.5, the number of beds in TIM institutions per ten thousand populations was0.5; the number of TCM physicians and physician assistants per ten thousand populations was2.6, the number of AYUSH physicians and physician assistants per ten thousand populations was5.9.In2012, the number of governmental AYUSH hospitals made up90.2%of the total number of AYUSH hospitals; the number of governmental AYUSH dispensaries made up89.8%of the total number of AYUSH dispensaries. The number of governmental public TCM hospitals made up77.9%of the total number of TCM hospitals; the number of governmental public TCM outpatient departments made up3.4%of the total number of TCM outpatient departments; the number of governmental public TCM clinics made up 0.2%of the total number of TCM clinics.2.2ResultsCompared with the modern medicine, both the proportion of TCM and TIM in the national medical resource was low. There existed a large gap in the number of beds between India and China, but India had the advantages in the medical manpower. Both the grass-root service of TCM and TIM was seriously inadequate. Most of the hospitals and dispensaries of TIM owned by the government, most of the TCM hospitals owned by government, but most of the outpatient departments and clinics run by the non-governmental capital of local people.2.3Revelations to the development of TCMThe government of India adopts the registration mode of IQ/NIQ (IQ=Institutionally Qualified; NIQ=Non Institutionally Qualified), it greatly promote the development of the manpower of TIM, and alleviate the promlem of the shortage of medical manpower and resource in undeveloped areas. Now, China is seeking the solution for the registration of Master-apprentice practitioner and Specialized Personnel of TCM. According to the practice of India, We could attempt the NIQ registration mode in the undeveloped areas; allow the person without TCM educational certifications registered, so as to promote the development of manpower and resource of TCM.Now, there exsist some problems in our country, such as the low proportion of TCM resource and service in the national health care system, unbalanced development between urban and rural, etc. We should strengthen the role of TCM in the national health care system, and improve the grass-root service of TCM in rural and urban; promote the degree education and further education at the grassroots level; promote the rational flow of trained medical personnel to grass-roots units by the preferential policies and incentive mesures.At present, the proportion of licensed (Assistant) TCM Ddctors in TCM medical institions is low. We should optimize the allocation of medical resources in TCM institions, improve the proportion of licensed (Assistant) TCM Ddctors, and promote the development of TCM manpower, facilities and service in non-TCM institutions.We should keep the TCM service characteristics, and avoid the westernization of TCM service.3. Education3.1Statistical data analysisDuring2003-2012, the annually growth rate of the number of Ayurveda undergraduate colleges and the number of enrolled students was2.5%and1.4%separately. The annually growth rate of the average number of enrolled students was-1.1%. In2012, the number of Ayurveda undergraduate colleges was260; the total number of enrolled students was10thousands; the average number of enrolled students was40; the number of colleges and enrolled students increased in the same pace. During2003-2012, the annually growth rate of the number of TCM colleges and the number of enrolled students was3.2%and8.3%separately. The annually growth rate of the average number of enrolled students was5.0%. In2012, the number of TCM colleges was45; the total number of enrolled students was92thousands; the average number of enrolled students was2035. The increase of the colleges was not correspondingly with t he enrollment size.In2012, the number of allopathic medical colleges was335; the number of enrolled students was39thousand.(Not including the number of dental colleges and postgraduate colleges) The number of AYUSH undergraduate colleges was508; the number of enrolled students was26thousands; the number of AYUSH postgraduate colleges was117; the number of enrolled students was2493. The number of AYUSH colleges was more than the allopathic medical colleges, the number of enrolled students was10thousand lesser than the allopathic medical colleges. In2010, the number of western medical colleges of China was119, the enrolled students was256thousand. The number of TCM colleges was46, the enrolled students was90thousand. The scale of TCM education was far behind the western medical education.3.2ResultsThe development of AYUSH colleges and enrolled students increased almost in the same pace with the allopathic medical colleges. The development of TCM colleges and enrolled students was far behind the western medical education.The development mode of AYUSH colleges was "large college number and small size of enrollment". The reasonable teacher-to-student ratio and student-to-practicing bed ratio was beneficial for the Cultivating of Clinicians.Both TCM and TIM were consisted of several TM systems; the development of different TM systems in different areas was unbalanced.3.3Revelations to the development of TCMIndia takes the "teacher-to-student ratio" and "student-to-practicingbed ratio" as admittance condition of TIM higher education colleges, there formes the higher education mode of "large number and small scale". It greatly promotes the cultivation of clinicians of TIM. We could encourage the development of privately-run TCM schools (including undergraduate and professional training education colleges and specialized secondary schools) as the supplements of the present TCM education, especially strengthen the cultivation of clinicians for the grassroots level of urban and rural. Adjust the professional structure and the enrolment scale. Set up standard on major design, clinical education base, qualified teachers, experimental facilities, etc. Take reasonable teacher-to-student ratio and student-to-practicingbeds ratio as teaching standards of the TCM colleges and admittance conditions of new privately-run TCM colleges.Adjusting the enrollment scale according to the social need and the employment situation, avoid the job-seeking difficulties caused by the large scale of enrollment.Strengthen the construction of ethnic medicine Colleges. Set up independent ethnic medicine Colleges, or set up ethnic medicine department in TM colleges, or set up correspondingly major field. Bring master apprentice system into academic degree education.4. Research4.1ResultsThe administrative system of TCM research is different from that of TIM. The administration of TIM research was concentrated, but the administration of TCM research involves in several ministries and commissions. Different TIM institutions have different research fields. Most of the TCM institutions are integrated; it easily leads to low-level repeat and redundant fund. About85%TIM institutions are equipped with clinical sections, emphasizing the mutual promotion of scientific research and clinical practice. 4.2Revelations to the development of TCMNow, the outstanding problem in the comprehensive TCM scientific institutions under province level (including provinces and municipalities) is the lack of key field of research. We could draw up the key field and clarify the research direction for each institution, and expand new research field on the base of "Key Laboratory of TCM".India puts the emphsis on diseases therapy for orgnizing the TIM scientific research institutions; it is benifical for the improvement of TIM clinical effects. We could encourage the scientific TCM institutions setting up clinics, so as to link the scientific research of TCM with clinic. Take "improving clinical effect" as the target of research, including the basic theory research and the new drug exploitation; establish the research evaluation system according to the clinical effect. Prompt the transformation of achievements of scientific research and serve the achievements in clinical.5. TM industry and foreign trade5.1Statistical data analysisIn2012, the number of AYUSH drug manufacturing units in India was8785,388less than in2008, the average annually growth rate was-1.1%. The number of GMP licensed pharmacies was6687,1558more than in2008. The proportion of GMP licensed pharmacies increased from55.9%to76.1%.In2011, the number of the Chinese patent medicine manufacturing units was1409,60less than in2009; the number of Chinese herbal pieces manufacturing units was601,67less than in2009. Among them, the1large-scale Chinese patent medicine enterprises increased from24to62; the large-scale Chinese herbal pieces manufacturing enterprises increased from0to7. The GMP (2010) licensed manufacturing units was159.According to data compiled by Pharmexcil (India) from United Nations COMTRADE database:in2010, the total value of exports concerned with herbal medicine of China was US$1329.7, ranking the first of the world; the total value of exports concerned with herbal medicine of India was US$790.56, ranking the second of the world.5.2ResultsThe total number of AYUSH drug manufacturing units decreased, but the GMP licensed pharmacies increased. The AYUSH drug manufacturing units was much more than TCM manufacturing units in China. The total number of Chinese patent medicine and Chinese herbal pieces manufacturing units decreased, but the number of large-scale enterprises increased.Under the strict GMP management mechanism, India became a powerful country in herbal medicine export. The total value of exports closely followed China.Raw material was the main component of the herbal medicine export trade of both the two country because of the low technology. The value of AYUSH medicine exceeded the value of AYUSH herbals. There exist a large gap in the export value between Chinese patent medicine and herbal pieces.5.3Revelations to the development of TCMIndia adopts the concentrative administration mode for the TM industry, including planting, producing, marketing, and international trade. India sets up two national apex pharmacopoeial TM laboratories and formulates the national standards of TIM productions. These measures greatly promote the the export trade of TIM productions. Now, the administration of TCM industry is dispersive. We suggest the government strengthening the macro management and concentrating the administration of TCM industry. Improve the proportion of Chinese patent medicine in export trade by setting up the unified national standards for single and compound TCM medicines and the GMP standards of TCM manufacturing enterprises. Furthermore, promote the popularizing of Taijiquan for the competion of Yoga; enlarge the international influence of TCM culture; narrow the culture gap between China and the western. Expand the European&American Market by breakthrough the cultural barrier. Develop the TCM service trade by utilizing the TCM tourism resources.Main Innovative PointsThis study firstly compared the modern development of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Indian Medicine systematically, including the current situation and deferences in policy and administradion, medical resource and service, education, scientific research, and internationalization. It had significant reference value for the evaluation of Traditional Medicines under the modern medical environment.1. This study found:India adopted the registration mode of IQ/NIQ (IQ=Institutionally Qualified; NIQ=Non Institutionally Qualified), it greatly promoted the development of the manpower of TIM, and alleviated the promlem of the shortage of medical manpower and resource in undeveloped areas.2. This study found:Indian adopted the centralized management mode for the administration of TIM, it greatly promoted the development of medical service, education, scientific research, industry and trade of TIM. The concentrative administration for the TM industry, including planting, producing, marketing, and international trade, greatly promoted the standardization of TIM productions and increased the value of export.3. This study found:India took the "teacher-to-student ratio" and "student-to-practicingbed ratio" as admittance condition of TIM higher education colleges, there formed the "large quantity" and "small scale" mode of the higher education. It greatly promoted the cultivation of clinicians of TIM. |
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