A Sociological Study Of Factors Responsible For Migration

Increasing urbanization,population,and rural-to-urban migration threaten the sustainability of cities,especially in developing countries.In Pakistan,two-thirds(2/3^rd)population lives in rural areas and one-third(1/3^rd)in urban areas.A large portion of the population lacks access to basic social facilities like education,health,filtered water,good roads,and sewerage.The young,educated generation strives for a better life,and their migration to the big cities is a typical pattern that rebalances the population in urban areas.Internal migration from rural-to-urban areas has been documented for several years,and it has been noticed that push and pull factors are crucial in decision-making regarding this migration process.The development deficit in rural areas of Pakistan lures migrants and encourages them to migrate to urban areas.Hence,this study aimed to explore the internal migration’s effects on individuals and families,the migrant’s socioeconomic status,factors behind rural-urban migration,migrants’satisfaction with urban environments,and internal migration’s impact on migrants both at origin and destination place by using the variables:monthly income,family type（Joint or Nuclear）,housing,health and education facilities,women empowerment,sanitation facility,migrant’s age,social ties,social capital,and political participation of migrants before and after migration.The current study focuses on the factors that influence rural-to-urban migration and is carried out in Chak No.79/GB,Faisalabad,Pakistan,by random sampling to examine the effects of rural-urban migration on particular individuals and the institution of the family.This is the first document on the social and economic background of the migrants and their families in the study area.The study universe/site selection is arbitrary but typically deprived of jobs and standard educational,medical,sewerage,and recreational facilities.This village is typical of those villages experiencing high outmigration rates.However,the survey was conducted from May to July 2022.Through the use of random selection,175households were chosen.The information gathered from respondents covers the study’s objectives and the migrants’and their families’social and economic backgrounds.The results of this study are as following:-The findings of our study show that migrants’socioeconomic status had improved because their monthly income,housing facilities,social capital,and family type（Joint or Nuclear）were improved after migration to Faisalabad city.It was also found that some socioeconomic and non-economic push-and-pull factors inspire the villagers to migrate from rural-to-urban areas.Moreover,regarding health care,migrants’attitudes toward their child treatment have changed.They sought medical treatment from established institutions in Faisalabad city for diseases in which migrants and their family members had become sick after migration.While the education level of migrants was evidently enhanced,and migrant’s majority had Primary or higher education levels after migration.The monthly income of migrants also improves substantially after migration,both in urban and rural communities.Additionally,the migrants concentrated on education to enhance their social capital,elevating their families’social statusThe women’s empowerment and decision-making participation were almost identical,even after migration.The findings show that traditional values prevailed in rural areas.Thus,our results indicate that migrants’socioeconomic status improved after migration.However,migrants’political participation remained low even after migration at destination place,migrants migrated and settled in Faisalabad city mainly focused on earning to improve their life and had little interest in political activities.Based on the findings,the strong recommendations to the local and national governments are that equal resource distribution is implemented due to underlying issues brought on by migration.Special focus should be paid to the basic social facilities like health,employment,quality education,and transportation in rural areas to positively alter the migration intention of villagers by providing them alternate resources and ways to meet daily life necessities.Moreover,the government should ensure that social security schemes for migrant workers in urban areas improve villagers’lifestyles.We hope that this data will be a reference to the small unit-level study of rural-to-urban migration.