| Risk decision-making is a kind of decision with uncertain results,which requires the decision-maker to undertake certain risks.Risk decision-making is a common type of decision-making,which can be seen everywhere in daily life,ranging from school and career selection to the formulation and implementation of national policies.Research on risk decision-making is of great significance to all behavioral sciences,because almost every decision of human and non-human animal is made with risk considered to a certain extent.In addition to individual’s internal factors,social situational factors also affect risk decision-making.Cooperation and competition,as typical social situations,undoubtedly have an important impact on individual’s risk decision-making behavior.However,there was no consistent conclusion on how cooperative and competitive situation affect risk decision-making and how individual evaluate the results of their peers or opponents.Therefore,this study used the gambling task and carries out the following two studies with the help of ERP technology:In study 1,participants were randomly assigned to one of the experimental contexts,which were set up through the instruction: competition and cooperation.We used the twochoice gambling task,presented the results of both sides at the same time in the feedback interface to examine how different social situations affect risk decision-making and result evaluation,as well as the role of gender in it.The result showed that:(1)participants selected the high-risk option(“99”)more frequently following other-gain.Females have a higher risk rate after another person’s gain when they are conservative in competitive conditions.(2)males exhibited a longer reaction time under the competitive condition versus the cooperative condition,but females made decisions more slowly under the cooperative condition than the competitive condition.(3)feedback-related negativity(FRN)was influenced by sex,with larger FRN following another person’s loss among males in both cooperative and competitive contexts.(4)The P300 was influenced by sex and context,such that males had greater P300 when another person made a gain under the cooperative context,while females had greater P300 when another person lost under the cooperative context.In study 2,we also set up the competitive situation through the instruction and used an alternative gambling game.We manipulate the probability of gain and loss of the opponent: one is that the probability of gain of the opponent is higher,which is 65%,a competitive disadvantage group;the other is that the probability of gain of the opponent is the same as that of the subject,which is 50%,a competitive balance group.The result showed that:(1)The risk rate in the competitive disadvantage group was higher than that in the competitive balance group.Specifically,the risk rate of the competitive disadvantage group in the second,third and fourth blocks was higher than that in the competitive balance group.(2)After analyzing the evaluation of their own results,it was found that the large gain in the competitive disadvantage group elicited greater P2,and the large loss elicited greater FRN.In the competitive balance group,both large and small gains elicited a larger FRN,while gains elicited a larger P300.(3)Other-loss elicited greater P2,and other-gain elicited greater P300.The main findings of this study are as follows:(1)Women care more about cooperation,while men pay more attention to competition.(2)In the process of social risk decision-making,males only pay attention to the task itself,while females also pay attention to others’ feeling.(3)Competitive disadvantage promotes risk-taking behavior.When the situation is unfavorable to the individual,the individual will take more risks.(4)The competitive situation affects the processing process of social comparison results.Under competitive disadvantage,individuals evaluate the results more quickly,but also lose the happiness of gain. |
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