The Research Of Local Negotiating Institution And Activity In Feng Tian At The End Of Qing Dynasty(1900-1911)

Before the middle period of the Qing Dynasty,there was no special foreign negotiating agency.The Qing government was mainly in charge of the Ministry of Rites and the court of Colonial Affairs.After the Opium War,due to the urgent need of foreign negotiation,the Qing government adopted the establishment of imperial envoy to deal with the negotiation affairs with foreigner.But it still can’t satisfy the needs of foreign negotiation until the Prime Minister’s Yamen for National Affairs was established.Because its efficiency failed to meet the expectations of the foreigner,in 1901,the Prime Minister’s Yamen for National Affairs was changed to the Wai Wu-pu,which is above another Rites.Since then,the professional negotiating agency of the central government appeared.Local negotiating agency also began to appear,the Bei Yang Minister and the Nan Yang Minister,customs,and the bureau of foreign affairs(the bureau of negotiation)appear from 1850 s to 1870 s.In 1907 after the negotiating agency of Feng Tian has been established,all the countries begin to follow it.In1910,Qing government issued the constitution,negotiation departement become local negotiating agencies.The thesis takes the 1900-1911 as the research object,clarify the development process of the local foreign negotiating agency and explore its role and role in the negotiating activities.The thesis has the following four parts:First,review the evolution of the central and local foreign negotiation agencies in the late Qing Dynasty.In the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty,the Qing government was mainly in charge of the Ministry of Rites and the court of Colonial Affairs.After the Opium War,due to the increasing of foreign negotiations,the temporary establishment of imperial ministers was cope and required special institutions.Thus,the Qing government set up the Prime Minister’s Yamen for National Affairs and the Wai Wu-pu.Local negotiating agency,such as the Bei Yang Minister and the Nan Yang Minister,customs,and the bureau of foreign affairs(the bureau of negotiation)also began to appear.With the development of domestic and foreign situations,the Qing government set up the first bargaining department in Feng Tian in 1907.Second,explore the evolution process of Fengtian local foreign negotiating agency.The foreign negotiating in Feng Tian area began with the opening of Ying Kou port in 1861.With the entry of foreigners,the foreign negotiating affairs became increasingly frequent.In order to deal with the complicated negotiating affairs and safeguard the sovereignty and interests of the country,Feng Tian area began to set up negotiating agencies.The local external negotiating agency of Feng Tian was first established in custom in 1866.After the negotiating function of customs was marginalized by the foreigners,the General Administration of Feng Tian Negotiation was established in 1898.Due to the war,the General Administration of Negotiation was rebuilt in 1900,and negotiation branches were set up in various places.In1906,because the three northeastern provinces opened many commercial ports,requiring specialized agencies,so the general Administration was set up.In 1907,the merger negotiating agency established the first national negotiating department,namely Feng Tian negotiating department.Third,explore the negotiating activities of Feng Tian local foreign negotiating agencies.The negotiation events presided over by Feng Tian negotiating agencies mainly involve mineral negotiation,commercial port negotiation,police law enforcement negotiation,Korean immigration negotiation and other types of complicated negotiation activities involving multiple fields.In addition to the negotiation,the functions of the negotiating agency will also involve the duties of the holding official.The activities of negotiating agencies are characterized by active participation in negotiating activities,various types of negotiation affairs,negotiation personnel use treaties and international law for negotiation,and the negotiating activities are dominated by local governor and general to negotiating agencies.With the efforts of the negotiating agencies,these negotiating activities have made certain contributions to the maintenance of national sovereignty and interests.However,due to the increasing aggression of foreigners and the incompetence of the late Qing government,these negotiating activities cannot fundamentally change China’s backwardness.Last,summarize the local foreign negotiation agencies and their activities from two aspects of foreign negotiating affairs and the relationship between the central and local governments in the late Qing Dynasty.From the perspective of foreign negotiation,it is an important manifestation of the trend of the specialization and standardization of the local foreign negotiating agency.The foreign negotiating agency of Feng Tian presents a process of negotiation by the local officials and negotiation to the diplomatic talent agency,and the local foreign negotiating activities show a process of leading by the local governor to the negotiating agency.From the relationship in the late Qing Dynasty,it is also an effort of the Wai Wu-pu to the central government.The Qing government played a leading role in the local institutions by establishing clear levels of foreign negotiating agencies from the central to the local government.