Border Gate Management In Shengjing Area In Early And Middle Qing Dynasty

Border gate refers to the Qing dynasty in the Wicker Edge along the traffic points set up in the pass,to communicate with Shengjing,Jilin and Mongolia region,inspection of people.In order to protect the "fundamental land" from intrusion,the Qing Dynasty adopted a policy of prohibition to protect the northeast region,Wicker Edge and the setting of the border gate is one of its specific performance,so as to restrict the arbitrary entry of people into the northeast region.In order to strengthen the management and prevent lawlessness,from the daily maintenance of the Wicker Edge to the management of access to the border gate,the Qing Dynasty established a systematic system to manage the border gate by constantly increasing the number of soldiers stationed at the border gate,the implementation of the ticket system.However,the border gate management system did not achieve the desired effect,and the various precious resources in the northeast always attracted a large number of lawless elements to violate the ban.To make up for the lack of management of the border gate,since the late Kangxi period,the Qing dynasty set up Karen along the Wicker Edge to strengthen the inventory of people leaving the border,to make up for the omission of the border gate inspection,the number and scale of Karen reached its peak in the Qianlong dynasty.At the same time,in order to urge officials and soldiers at all levels to strictly perform their duties,the Qing Dynasty rewarded and punished both,increasing the punishment for dereliction of duty and establishing a reward mechanism for meritorious officers and soldiers,so as to encourage them to be diligent in patrolling,seize border crossers and reduce the occurrence of the phenomenon of private border crossing.Manchu archives "Heitu Archives" recorded a large number of Shengjing area all kinds of people out of private border cases,such as private border delivery of rice,theft of ginseng cases,and banners and people have participated in them,through the interpretation of such cases paperwork,you can understand the Shengjing Ministry of Justice in the handling of the case is very harsh,punishment in the early Qing dynasty also gradually increased,but has not been able to fundamentally eliminate the occurrence of cross-border behavior,the management of the border gates had major problems.Combined with the cases and related historical materials,it is found that the serious dereliction of duty of the guards and soldiers,the loopholes in the ticket system and the inadequacy of the guard force at the border gate are the main reasons for the ineffective management of the border gate.This paper explores the actual situation of border gate management in Shengjing in the first and middle periods of the Qing dynasty by taking some cases of private border crossing in the "Heitu Archives" of the Kang,Yong and Qian dynasties as the main research content.Combining the cases and other historical materials,it can be seen that although the Qing dynasty continued to strengthen and improve the management of the border gates throughout the first and middle periods,it was unable to fundamentally solve the shortcomings of border gate management due to the accumulation of heavy load.