| Shaving hair and hiding Buddhism are the life choices made by the adherents of the Ming Dynasty in response to the current situation of the stripping of heaven and earth.It is also a cultural imprint reflecting the mentality of the literati group and the evolution of literature under the change of dynasties.There is no doubt that in the early Qing Dynasty,Fang Yizhi is a typical representative of the group of fugitives,which is also different from others.The change of cultural identity from official to monk did not make it completely lose the personality background of Confucians,nor did it make it fully concentrate on the Zen and enlightenment of Buddhism.On the contrary,in Fang Yizhi’s more than 20 years of escape from Zen,the monk’s obedience to Confucianism or the monk’s appearance rather than his heart has become his survival mode and life attitude.In the formation process of this kind of survival mode and life attitude,the evolution of the escape mentality is a major factor that cannot be ignored,and it is also a reasonable perspective for us to carefully observe and deeply elucidate this topic.The germination of individual mentality is related to the shaping of the environment of the times.Furthermore,the cultural atmosphere of the interaction between Confucianism and Buddhism in the late Ming Dynasty and the imbalance of the mentality of the adherents in the early Qing Dynasty have become important ends in the analysis of the formation of the escape mentality.On the one hand,the Confucianism’s Buddhist fashion and the Zen world’s practical thought are integrated,which makes the individual’s ideological position,the group’s path selection and the cultural ecology of the time have significant changes;on the other hand,compared with the previous generation of adherents,in addition to the general imbalance in mentality,the turmoil of the Ming and Qing dynasties,the erosion of years,and the cramped public opinion have caused the Ming adherents to have a sharp turn in their emotions.It is this emotional turn from anger to hesitation that announces that the mentality of the Ming adherents has gradually shifted to the next stage,and the escape mentality is an important type of this stage.The discussion of Fang Yizhi’s escape mentality and its evolution process can be carried out from three aspects : motivation,process and influence.First of all,the policy trend of " pacification differentiation-high-pressure persecution-flexible cage " presented by the Qing government in the Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties became a major objective factor in the change of Fang Yizhi’s mentality of fleeing Zen,which also made the change process compulsive and passive.However,Fang Yizhi’s burden of fame as ’ the most famous person of escapism ’ is another specific cause,which drives the active adjustment of his escapism mentality,so as to achieve coordination with his own emotional experience,image change and ideological expression.Secondly,returning to the historical scene,according to the three standards and clues of political logic,character logic and ideological logic,the evolution of his mentality can be divided into three stages : the period of hardship(1647-1653),the transition period(1653-1664)and the period of self-adaptation(1665-1671).Moreover,this process of dividing stages can clearly present the ’ special traces ’ in the process of Fang Yizhi’s escapism,and can also be used as a case to reflect the complexity and epochal character of the atmosphere of escapism in the early Qing Dynasty,and draw some understanding beyond common sense.Finally,in terms of influence,the evolution of Fang Yizhi’s mentality of escaping from Zen has not only completed the reconstruction of the value concept of " taking Buddhism as the path and practicing Confucianism," but also formed a special way of behavior that is both implicit and explicit,and also made the particularity and individuality of this " Fang Yizhi’s escape from Zen " fully demonstrated.If we further explain the mentality and evolution of Fang Yizhi’s escapism,typical examples are indispensable.During the Heshan period of Lu tomb,Fang Yizhi’s mentality of escaping from Zen changed significantly.To explore the reasons,writing books and singing are the specific behaviors of their mentality adjustment,and they are also the ways,methods and strategies for their psychological comfort and spiritual detachment.The significance of the change of mentality in the Heshan period of Lu tomb can be elucidated from three perspectives : the final end of the dilemma period of the escape mentality,the watershed of the transition period and the prelude of the adaptive period.Compared with the special period of three years in the tomb,the incident of Wei Xi sending books occurred in the late period of Fang Yizhi’s escape from Zen,and had the characteristics of contingency,suddenness and complexity.The analysis of this event,two important factors can not be ignored : one is the Wei Xi adherents emotional changes before and after;first,the evolution characteristics of Fang Yizhi’s escape mentality.Taking these two as clues is conducive to the analysis of the real reasons for Wei Xi’s criticism,and also to the perspective of the contradiction between Fang Yizhi’s escape mentality and behavior.Fang Yizhi’s escape mentality is not only recorded and reflected by his words,but also has a profound impact on his literary creation and literary concept.From a macro perspective,it is a reasonable approach to grasp the ’ social mind overall ’ of Fang Yizhi’s era,so as to influence the development characteristics and trend of literary trends during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Specifically,this influence shows the deep implementation of the two themes of origin and life and death in the literature of the adherents,and also plays the tortuous echo of the retro trend of thought on the two characteristics of truth-seeking and willfulness.From the individual level,Fang Yizhi’s escape mentality made his poetic style coordinated as a whole in the process of destroying the Han Dynasty,and the image selection changed before and after and the spiritual world was explored in both directions.All in all,to explore the literary influence of Fang Yizhi’s mentality of escaping from Zen can reflect the spiritual destruction of the scholar-bureaucrats of escaping from Zen,show the evolution of the mentality of the Ming adherents,and better reflect the evolution trace and future trend of the cultural atmosphere in the early Qing Dynasty. |
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