Research On Easily Confused Characters In International Chinese Level Standard Writing And Construction Of Teaching Resource

There are significant differences in the objects,number,range,levels of difficulty and frequency of use of Easy-to-Confuse Characters between learners of learning Chinese as a second language and native speakers of Chinese.Therefore,in order to identify international Chinese Easy-to-Confuse Characters,the usual tendency to shift characters with morphological similarities or homophones with the strategies of addition,deletion and others for CSL learners’ direct use needs to be changed,and probing into confusing examples by considering the cognitive disparities of CSL learners is required.Focusing on the phenomenon of international Chinese Easy-to-Confuse Characters,this study is based on the Handwritten Chinese Characters List in the Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education,and follows the actualities of interlanguage corpus.A corpus of 62,661 errors was obtained after error identification as well as 370 pairs of Easy-to-Confuse Characters were defined by the amount of confusion,confusion rate,number of people who confuse about those characters and their native language background information.This study analyzes the main categories and characteristics of Easyto-Confuse Characters and finds that there are one-way and two-way confusions of Easy-toConfuse Characters;delineates the graded character list according to the confusion rate;captures the main confusion levels and classifies Easy-to-Confuse Characters into three categories and eight types of confusion;statistically illustrates the degree of influence of frequency on Easy-to-Confuse Characters;and analyzes the causes of confusion by integrating the theories of linguistic typology,comparative linguistics,and cognitive linguistics.Based on the examination of Easy-to-Confuse Characters and from a comparative perspective,the study firstly analyses Chinese characters collected,compares non-native writings with Easy-to-Confuse Characters in different periods of time,and depicts the changes and constancy of Easy-to-Confuse Characters over the past 140 years;then diachronically compares native writings with Easy-to-Confuse Characters in the same period,and discusses the differences in the collection of Easy-to-Confuse Characters between native speakers and CSL learners;The overlap rate of the collected characters between the five dictionaries of Chinese native speakers’ Easy-to-Confuse Characters and Easy-to-Confuse Characters for CSL learners was 6.62% on average,with less crossover.The comparison highlights the confusionoriented,quantitative-graded,demand-oriented,usage frequency-oriented,and morphophonological-meaning multifaceted view of Chinese characters in the study of Easy-toConfuse Characters.Secondly,the study shifts from CSL learners to international Chinese instructors.The instructors are the key organizers and guides for teaching Easy-to-Confuse Characters.The survey found that,the equivalence between the instructors’ perceptions of Easy-to-Confuse Characters and their actual situation centered on corpus examination is lower among inexperienced instructors.Also,the types and levels of confusion they concerned are relatively single and simple.The survey reflects some common problems,such as insufficient shift in the position of native speakers,obvious morphological awareness among the instructors,and low attention to Easy-to-Confuse Characters,arguing for the necessity and usefulness of examining and building resources for Easy-to-Confuse Characters.Finally,the study moves from the theoretical results of international Chinese Easy-toConfuse Characters to application,adheres to the guidance of the Grading Standards,develops the theoretical results of Easy-to-Confuse Characters with information technology and builds four teaching resource applications.By implementing the principle of openness and addressing the actual confusion of Chinese characters from CSL learners,the study adopts a multimodal model oriented to meeting the related demand,and builds an ecological community for the construction of Easy-to-Confuse Characters teaching resources for the International Chinese Language Education.