| After the Sino-Japanese War,facing the increasingly serious national crisis,the Qing government set off a wave of reform,and the defeat of the war made the military reform become the common voice of the Qing government.Therefore,under the appeal of the Central Government of the Qing Dynasty,the Qing government officials,represented by local governors,began to frequently play military reform memorials,which became the main task of the Qing government at present.During this period,the westernization movement and the conservative movement were the two main forces that dominated the political discourse in the Qing Dynasty.Although their desire for military reform was the same,there were differences in specific decisions.Although the conservative movement had made progress compared with the pre war thinking,it began to recognize the military strength and the power of guns,artillery and firearms in the western world,and no longer opposed the westernization movement to introduce new weapons and equipment and establish military industries,but fundamentally,He still took the experience of China’s feudal traditional military war as the foundation of victory,and stressed the morale of officials,the talents and strategies of military generals,the ideological education of soldiers and other factors,so he still had a fundamental difference from the Westernization Faction.Although the Westernization Movement after the Sino Japanese War suffered heavy losses,the Qing government still adhered to the military reform plan of the Westernization Movement until the Hundred Days’ coup,and the conservative faction still did not have the decisive voice in the center of the Qing government.After the coup of 1898,the Westernization Faction lost its power.The conservative faction began to formally control the central voice of the Qing government.Its conservative and xenophobic views made it pay more attention to the process of the military reform of the Qing government.However,the conservative faction’s view on military reform was different from the Westernization Faction.It insisted on seeking experience from the traditional military books,advocated to reform the Qing army by adopting the experience of the Hunan Huai Yong Camp during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom,and paid attention to the moral quality of military generals In terms of military tactics and other aspects,the conservatives after the Sino Japanese War also made progress compared with those before the war.They gradually realized the power of western advanced guns and the improvement of the quality of the Japanese army after the reform of adopting western methods.They began to advocate the introduction of western advanced guns and guns to a limited extent,responding to the Qing court’s idea of adopting western methods for military training.However,the conservatives still took the western military achievements as a secondary factor,and took the popular support The traditional Neo Confucianism factors such as the administration of officials are the key to the victory or defeat of the war.After the coup of 1898,Cixi’s external attitude was the key to influence the Qing government’s decision on the Gengzi Incident.After the coup,the great powers concerned the Qing government’s arrest of Kang,Liang and other reformists,the Big Brother incident,the Sanmenwan incident,the Shandong religious case and a series of other events,which made Cixi’s external attitude gradually tough.In addition,the Boxer incident triggered by the civil and religious conflicts in the eastern part of the mountain area made him think that the people’s hearts were available,and he believed in the magic of immortals,Under the encouragement of the conservative officials,the Qing government finally established the main war policy. |
