| Marx’s study of human essence originated from traditional Western culture,and his exploration of human essence has gone through a difficult and profound process.Based on the historical background of the development of capitalist society,it can be studied from multiple related works published by Marx in different periods.Marx’s research system on the essence of human thought is also deepening and becoming a system that runs through the entire process.Firstly,this article sorts out the theoretical origins of Marx’s thought on the essence of human beings,from Rousseau’s theory of people’s sovereignty to Kant’s idea of "human beings as ends",from Hegel’s idea of "free will" to Feuerbach’s idea of "abstract human beings".Systematically sort out the development process of Marx’s human essential thought,from the stage of free will to the stage of"abstract individual" and then to the stage of "real human" development.Secondly,Das Kapital provides substantial theoretical support for the study of human essence in capitalist social relations.In Kapital,Marx mainly discusses the second stage of human development,the stage of human independence based on material dependence.The "thing" referred to is the existence of goods,currency,and capital,so the dependence on "thing" is the dependence of people on goods,currency,and capital.So,Das Kapital discusses the real and specific human beings in capitalist society,and is the most systematic human essence thought in the development process of Marx’s human essence thought.This article mainly discusses the alienation of human essence under the employment labor relationship,the study of human essence based on the duality of labor,the realization of human value and the abnormal development of human beings in capitalist society,while describing Marx’s questions about human essence,social relations,and the abnormal development of human beings under capitalist social economy in Das Kapital.Once again,in the first volume of Das Kapital,Marx,when studying commodities,first starts with the definition of commodities and explores the essential characteristics of commodities as a dual attribute of goods.On this basis,he focused on the phenomenon of labor force as a commodity,and on this basis,he explored the evidence of exploiting workers in the logic of capitalism to seek the theory of surplus value and reveal the truth of exploitation.Under capitalist production conditions,human existence and development are intermittent and discontinuous.The labor force value theory and surplus value theory put forward and discussed by Marx in Das Kapital laid a solid premise logic for exploring the essential value of human beings.In Das Kapital,Marx used the economic operation laws under capitalist society to propose the concept of human free and comprehensive development From "human alienation" to "commercialization of labor",Marx gradually unfolded around the essence of human beings.Finally,Marx held a dialectical negative attitude towards the development of capitalism.With the progress of technology and the liberation of productive forces,the ultimate result of capitalist social development was to be replaced by higher-level social forms.In the new social form,the scope of human freedom will greatly expand,thereby achieving human development The main purpose of commodity production in capitalist society is to increase capital value,so this division of labor has led to changes in the nature of labor,resulting in the theory of labor duality.In the interrelationship between the use value and value of goods,under the special operational logic of capitalism,the duality of goods and the duality of labor both exhibit different logics.Exploring the state of value depreciation in the process of labor under the control of capital,in order to find the realization of human value.And it can adjust the imbalance between people and society,implement the scientific development concept,protect the existence relationship between society and human values,distinguish between the socialist market economy and the capitalist market economy,build a more prosperous and strong China,and ultimately achieve free and comprehensive development of people.The development of human beings in turn promotes the progress of modern socialist market economy,assists in the practice,and thus provides a better environment and platform for human development. |
