A Phased Study Of Northeast China's Agricultural Products Foreign Trade In Modern Times (1861-1945

The paper focuses on the background,influencing factors,and specific circumstances of foreign trade in agricultural products during the four phases of the period: the foundation period,the rise period,the control period,and the stagnation period,relying on the old customs history and the Manchurian railway survey report.In order to reveal the pattern and characteristics of foreign trade of agricultural products in Northeast China in the long period as a whole.After the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin,the port of Yingkou was opened,and the three products of agricultural products,namely soybean and soybean,became bulk commodities and began to be traded to foreign countries.At the same time,the Qing government lifted the ban on Northeast China,and a large number of people flowed into Northeast China to engage in agricultural production.The rate of commercialization of soybeans,wheat,etc.continued to increase.The conflicting interests of the continental policy and the Far East policy led to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.After the war,Japan acquired the Lend-Lease and the South Manchurian Railway.Japan and Russia occupied South Manchuria and North Manchuria one after another,and through the Chinese-Eastern Railroad and Manchurian Railway continued to invest,the transportation network in the northeast was improved,and at the same time,with the east wind of the First World War,foreign trade in agricultural products developed rapidly.At the end of the twentieth century,the economic crisis swept the world.In order to get rid of domestic difficulties,Japan launched the September 18 Incident and put together the pseudo-Manchukuo regime,which has since begun a 14-year colonial rule over the Northeast.In the early days of the establishment of pseudo-Manchukuo,Japan used the northeast of China as a colonial testing ground in an attempt to "build" a new country of "kingdom and paradise" through a puppet regime,so it enacted various policies and decrees to The government was able to control all aspects of the economy of the Tohoku region,including agricultural trade.After the outbreak of the July 7 Incident,Japan invaded China,and the wartime system and resource plunder became the only focus.The Tohoku region was included in the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" conceived by the Japanese invaders,and became a supply area for the war effort.Agricultural production declined,and foreign trade in agricultural products was restricted to the yen bloc and stagnated.The body of the paper is divided into five parts.The first part focuses on the historical conditions of the Tohoku region and introduces the early history of foreign trade and agricultural development in the Tohoku region before the opening of Yingkou.The second part focuses on the formation of Northeast China’s port and railroad transportation networks and the basic development of agricultural production factors such as land and labor during the foundation period(1861-1907),during which the types of agricultural products traded and the geographical direction of trade were initially formed.The third section describes the rising period(1930s).The third part describes how the two major capitals,Japan and Russia,played the game by controlling the transportation network built by the South Manchurian Railway and the Middle East Railway and ports during the rising period(1907-1931),as well as the development of Northeast China’s agricultural economy from the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty to the domination of the Feng warlord system to the September 18 Incident.The agricultural trade during this period depended on Japanese,Russian,and Feng bureaucratic capital,and agricultural products were traded through the agricultural distribution infrastructure built by each power.The fourth part discusses the factors affecting foreign trade in agricultural products after the September 18 Incident(1931-1937),i.e.,the economic reasons for Japan’s September 18 Incident and the kernel of the previous economic unification,and the influence of many policies such as the Economic Construction Program of Pseudo-Manchuku,which led to the unification of agricultural production and trade in agricultural products in all aspects and the decline and even the termination of trade with the Soviet Union.Part V focuses on the period of stagnation(1937-1945).With the outbreak of the July 7 Incident and the expansion of Japan’s foreign war,Japan’s economic policy toward the Northeast shifted from nominal "construction" to frenzied plunder.Under the influence of the two fiveyear plans,the pseudo-Manchurian industries developed abnormally,agricultural production regressed,and foreign trade in agricultural products,except for the yen group,came to a near standstill.