| In the middle and late Qing Dynasty,the Qingshui River basin was highly valued by the central dynasty because of its unique geographical location "Mainland Frontier",potential economic resources,and a settlement for the Miao and Dong ethnic groups.Early year of Yongzheng’s reign as emperor,"bureaucratization of native officers" and "developing the Miao territory" were implemented in the Qingshui River basin.Then "Miao territory reconstruction" and its development and governance were carried out.These measures have brought about major changes in the political situation,social order,and basin structure.For a long time,the governance order was maintained by customary laws such as "Lang regulation" and "Terms and agreement".One of these changes was that the governance order was affected,and these events were reconstructed.That is,based on the role of rural self-government organizations in the identification of state power,state power gradually “infiltrated” into rural governance,and endowed elements and discourses of the state system with the traditional customary law of the ethnic group,making it rules set by the villagers,which are the norm for the combination of state power and rural self-government.It had a major impact on the governance of ethnic societies.The research object of this paper is the rules set by the villagers in the Qingshui River basin in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.By analyzing the background,content and characteristics of the rules set by the villagers during this period,the paper discusses the influence of state power and Han culture on the ethnic society in the basin and how it is reflected in the rules set by the villagers after the bureaucratization of native officers and developing the Miao territory.And then the paper reveals the interactions,which are beneficial to the rural order,between the rules set by the villagers and the state,non-governmental organizations,and villagers.In the constant changes of social order in the Qingshui River basin,the rules set by the villagers are constantly being adjusted.The state and rural society are also playing a role in maintaining rural social order through continuous positive interactions.The background of the formation of township rules and regulations is positioned after the establishment of the dynasty system in the Qingshui River Basin.It is under the joint action of the accumulation of the original system,the entry of power under the reform of land and return,and the destruction and reconstruction of social order that the central dynasty and local society hope to effectively manage the rural society by signing Township rules and regulations.Generally speaking,in the process of its formulation and implementation,non-governmental organizations,as the representative and collection of villagers,still occupy the main position.However,with the infiltration of national forces,the supervision and participation of the government are everywhere in the township regulations and conventions,which has brought legality and standardization to the township regulations and conventions to a certain extent.The state forces and non-governmental forces also show a trend of mutual support and cooperation.In terms of content,there are mainly four aspects: the protection of ecological environment,the implementation of education and customs,the prohibition of misconduct,and the maintenance of public interests.In terms of characteristics,it has the limitation of time and space,the collectivity of values,the diversity of beliefs and the permeability of the country.As a result,the Qing Dynasty Qingshui River Basin Township regulations and people’s covenants showed social,economic and cultural functions,which made the township regulations and people’s covenants have vitality and practicality,and played a positive role in the normal operation of social order and the smooth progress of production and life in the region.The development of township regulations and conventions in Qingshui River Basin in Qing Dynasty is closely related to the trend of national situation and the evolution of local environment.Through the study of township regulations and conventions in Qingshui River Basin,we can not only understand the overall picture of the local social and historical changes,but also fully understand the diversity and complexity of local society in frontier minority areas,and further expand the breadth and depth of the study of regional history in Guizhou.It is still of practical significance to use state power to reasonably guide rural autonomy in order to find a dynamic balance between state control and folk norms in the new era. |
