| Objective:Through sorting out the academic thoughts of the monograph of phytophthora diseases of Chinese medicine in the late Qing Dynasty,the development achievements of phytophthora diseases of Chinese medicine in the late Qing Dynasty were summarized,and the social and natural environment background of development was explored.Methods:Firstly,text analysis was used to sort out the theory of epidemic diseases monograph in late Qing Dynasty.In the late Qing Dynasty,the monographs of single epidemic disease was published successively.Such as diphtheria monographs ShiYiBaiHouJieYao,ZouMaHouGanLun,BaiHouZhiFaJiBiaoJueWei,BaiHouTiaoBian;scarlet fever monograph HouShaZhengDi;pestilence monographs ShuYiHuiBian,ShiZhengLiangFangShiYi,ShuYiYueBian,ShuYiJueWei;cholera monographs SuiXiJvCongDingHuoLuanLun,YiJiFuYinLun,HuoLuanShenZhengJvyao;malaria monograph NueJiLun;a monograph of plague with regional characteristics of Guangdong LingNanSanJiZhengFangBianLun.Epidemiologists have different understanding of the etiology,pathogenesis and treatment of the same disease.This paper first combs the above monograph theory of disease in late Qing Dynasty.Secondly,through the method of literature and historical research,the social background of the development of epidemic disease theory in the late Qing Dynasty was analyzed from four aspects:official epidemic prevention policy,prevention measures of businessmen,doctors and ordinary people,medical culture and education,and frequent wars caused the outbreak of the disease.Thirdly Explore the natural environment for the development of phytophthora disease in the late Qing Dynasty by cluster analysis,Hodxick-prescottfilter,wavelet analysis,geographic information system analysis and other methods:The epidemic and natural disasters were fitted in time and space the environmental factors strongly associated with the epidemic development were obtained by cluster analysis.Analyzing the interaction between epidemics and natural disasters in both time and space,HP filter,wavelet analysis and geographic information analysis were used to analyze the influence of geographical environment and natural disasters on the occurrence of epidemic diseases.HP filter was used to simulate the overall trend of epidemics and natural disasters,and the correlation analysis was carried out.The method of wavelet analysis is used to analyze the periodic change,lag and advance of epidemic disease and natural disasters.By making continuous wavelet energy spectrum,wavelet crossover and wavelet coherence graph,the periodic changes of the interaction between plague and various environmental factors as well as the order of occurrence before and after were analyzed.Plague and environment factors were mapped to couties and districts in current adminsitrative region planning using GIS analysis.Results:Epidemiologists in the late Qing Dynasty paid more attention to distinguishing the cold and heat properties of epidemic viruses;emphasizing the identification of epidemics and other diseases to prevent misuse of treatment;checking the thickness of the tongue coating and the depth of the tongue color to distinguish the heat image and the depth of disease.regulating Qi to the export of evil qi treatment of disease.The cause of diphtheria disease is dryness,nourishing Yin,avoid using Xinwen medicine;removing the cold evil on surface then clearing the heat evil to treat laryngeal fever;Treating cholera by regulating qi;Promoting blood circulation and colding blood,removing stasis and detoxifying plague to treat pestilence;Selecting malaria treatment according to its cause.In terms of social environment,the late Qing government adopted the policies of sending medicine,reducing taxes,punishing officials for corruption,rewarding others,postponing the holding of imperial examinations and the opening of schools,quarantine and disinfection.Local rich businessmen,doctors,people and other folk forces assumed the main role of epidemic relief in late Qing Dynasty.The backward medical education led to the shortage of folk doctors during the outbreak of epidemics,but the development of epidemics in the late Ming Dynasty and the early and middle Qing dynasties laid a solid theoretical foundation for the development of monographs on epidemics in the late Qing Dynasty in the direction of a single disease,and the late epidemic scientists began to pay attention to the ideas of epidemic avoidance and isolation based on traditional Chinese medicine treatment.The establishment of the concept of public health and the formation of the germ theory in the world also had an impact on the prevention and control of plague,cholera and other epidemics in the late Qing Dynasty of China.In addition,in the late Qing Dynasty,the war accelerated the outbreak and prevalence of plague,and the war caused the acceleration of personnel flow and the deterioration of the living environment led to the frequent outbreak of plague.The decline of medical education in the late Qing Dynasty resulted in a shortage of civilian doctors during the outbreak.However,the development of the general theory of febrile diseases in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a profound theoretical basis for the development of the theory of disease science in the late Qing Dynasty.In addition,the advanced medical knowledge and drugs of Western medicine were introduced into China,which made the epidemiologists begin to pay attention to epidemic avoidance and isolation.Some folk customs,such as setting off firecrackers,drinking tusu wine and wearing dogwood,as the wisdom of the Chinese nation for thousands of years,have also played a role in the prevention and control of epidemics to a certain extent,playing an important role in the treatment of epidemics,and maintaining the values of local people and the epidemic culture.In terms of natural environment,epidemic disasters and population reduction,personnel dispersion,personnel gathering,floods,droughts,locust disasters,earthquakes,dust,hurricanes,hail,lightning,frost disasters,snow disasters,cold temperatures,famine,abnormal weather,abnormal signs and other factors often interact with each other in time and space.The high incidence of epidemics was mostly in provincial capitals with large population density and developed transportation.The large-scale outbreaks of epidemics in the late Qing Dynasty often occurred after the number of counties where natural disasters occurred reached its peak and were mostly in high resonance with population decrease,flood,drought,locust plague and abnormal weather,etc.In particular,population decrease and epidemics were often highly consistent in trend and cycle.Conclusion:The formation process of disease theory in late Qing Dynasty is related to personal life experience,geographical environment,natural disasters,wars and other major events.All the books on plague in the late Qing Dynasty were written during the third world plague pandemic,and the authors lived in the epidemic route.The results of continuous wavelet energy spectrum and wavelet cross analysis show that before and after the plague monographs were written in Guangdong and Fujian,the occurrence of population reduction and epidemics not only had significant cycles,but also resonated with each other at high energy.Almost all of the phase angles were horizontal to the right,indicating a high positive correlation between epidemic disaster and population reduction,indicating that plague was characterized by high lethality and great harm to a certain extent,which had a certain impact on the treatment characteristics of plague in this period.Most of the patients were treated with large doses of blood-activating and blood-cooling antidotes,and were quickly taken to cut off the disease.The doctors in Jiangsu and Zhejiang,represented by Wang Shixiong,thought that cholera was mostly damp and hot,but Tian Zonghan,a doctor in Hanchuan,Hubei,thought that cholera was cold and damp.The cluster analysis of environmental factors in the area of Tianzong and Han Dynasty showed that flood was the most serious natural disaster in Hubei Province in late Qing Dynasty,and the combined frequency of flood and epidemic disaster was as high as 131 times,among which Hanchuan had an epidemic flood in 35 years,suggesting that the occurrence of flood may have a certain influence on the nature of local cholera pathogens.Local doctors often failed to clear heat and remove dampness.Under this background,Tian Zonghan believed that the pathogenesis of the disease was cold dampness suppression,Yin attacking the stomach,and the treatment should be aimed at promoting Yang.Most of the epidemiologists used clearing heat and nourishing Yin to rule diphtheria.Chen Baoshan,a doctor in Zhejiang Province in the late Qing Dynasty,first put forward that dryness was the cause of diphtheria in his book Differentiation of Diphtheria.According to the wavelet cross analysis of environmental factors in Zhejiang area in the late Qing Dynasty,both drought and epidemic disaster existed high-energy resonance period before and after the completion of the book,and showed a high positive correlation.It can be inferred that drought may have a certain impact on the clinical symptoms of diphtheria,such as white throat and dry throat without phlegm at the beginning of the lung disease.Therefore,Yin was always taken care of in treatment and lung Yin was cultivated after recoveryThe continuous outbreak of epidemics and natural disasters will affect the symptoms of patients,and the characteristics of these epidemics have a decisive role for doctors to judge the cause and pathogenesis,and silently change their prescription drugs.Learning the monograph of epidemic diseases and the treatment experience of epidemic diseases experts in the above multi-factor three-dimensional framework is conducive to inheriting the predecessors’academic thoughts in a more objective,complete and in-depth way.It not only supplements the content of epidemic diseases of traditional Chinese medicine and helps its development,but also provides references for current epidemic disease prevention and control. |
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