Study On The Spatial Layout And Urban Form Change Of Pingcheng In The Northern Wei Dynasty

This paper uses stratigraphy and typology,the dual evidence method,and settlement archaeology to study the development and changes of settlements in the Pingcheng area during the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty,and uses lock-eye satellite images to make comparisons.The Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty,and then before the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.The geographical scope of Pingcheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty is adjacent to Yuhe River in the east,Ma Camp and Pingwang Township in the west,Donghe Village and Shizhuang in the south,and Baima City Village and An Village in the north,covering an area of about 46 square kilometers.The ruins of the Northern Wei Pingcheng in the present Datong playground city and Ming City area.The archaeological sites in Pingcheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty mainly include three types: urban architectural sites,religious architectural sites and tombs,and most of the archaeological discoveries are tombs.Datong is an overlapping city of ancient and modern times.The cultural layer in the late period is stacked on the early cultural layer,coupled with the long history and frequent wars,and the relics mostly exist underground.The location of the remains is relatively scattered,with few retained in the city,mostly located in the suburbs around the city.Many of the urban buildings remain on both sides of the Yuhe River and near the Wuzhou Chuan River,especially on both sides of the Yuhe River.The tombs are mainly distributed in the southern suburbs of the city and to the east of the Royal River.According to the archaeological culture stages and the historical records of major construction activities,the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty can be divided into three phases.The first phase is the initial period,from the first year of Emperor Tianxing(398)to the second year of the Ming Dynasty(415).The main construction activities in this period were to build palaces on the base site of Hanping City,and initially lay the general settlement layout of Pingcheng.The palace city was located in the north,and the residential areas were located in the south of the palace city.Residential areas were divided according to the occupation,and all ethnic groups lived together.The tombs are mainly far from the south of Pingcheng,in the open area at the intersection of the Yuhe River and the Shili River.The western suburbs of Pingcheng has the suburban temple of heaven,the northern suburbs for a vast garden area.The second phase was the peak of urban construction,from the first year of Emperor Taichang of the Ming Dynasty(416)to the sixth year of Emperor Wencheng Heping(465).In this period,the main construction work was to expand the scope of Pingcheng and complete the construction of the outer city and Guo Cheng.The buildings paid attention to carving,and the tomb murals were gorgeous and rich,forming two tomb areas to the east of the Yuhe River and the south of Guo Cheng.Xianbei west for the respect,the western suburbs for the forbidden tomb area.The construction of the first phase of the Yungang Grottoes began.The third phase is the perfect period of the city,from the first year of Emperor Xianwen Tian’an(466)to the first year of Emperor Xiaowu Yongxi(534).In this stage,Buddhist buildings and Sinicization were mainly built.Grottoes continued to be dug in Wuzhou Mountain,and Ming Tang was built in the south of Guo Cheng.The distribution of the north of the tomb,forming the north,middle,south three tomb areas.The north is Fangshan Yonggu Mausoleum,the middle is the noble burial area to the east of the Royal River,and the south is the civilian burial area to the south of Guocheng.Under the trend of Sinicization reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty,the statues in Yungang Grottoes were gradually Sinicization.After moving the capital to Luoyang,Pingcheng lost its position as a political center,and the original system of the western burial forbidden area was broken.Urban construction activities are reduced,and the excavation of the grottoes is still continuing,mostly by the people.Pingcheng is located in the north of Datong Basin,surrounded by mountains in the west,north and east,and low terrain in the south,located on the boundary of agriculture and animal husbandry.It is the main channel between the ethnic minorities in the north of the Great Wall and the Central Plains,and has a long history of living,which is one of the important reasons for the construction of the Northern Wei Dynasty capital.Geographic factors affect the site selection of Pingcheng,and the political and historical process affect the specific settlement layout and its change process of Pingcheng.After making the capital of Pingcheng,Emperor Wu separated his troops and established the capital of Pingcheng,and divided it into the "people" of the northern Wei Dynasty and the undiscrete nomadic groups outside the city.In the later period of Emperor Yuan of the Ming Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of Tao,the prince eventually led to the "Zhengping Incident",and the Prince East Palace was merged into the scope of the West Palace.During his time,Emperor Wudi held a series of unification wars,which expanded the territory,destroyed the Northern Liang,absorbed Liangzhou Buddhism,opened the Silk Road,connected the Western Regions,destroyed the Northern Yan,and opened the passage from the Northern Wei to the Korean Peninsula,making Pingcheng gather the cultural factors from the Western Regions,the Korean Peninsula and other places.The Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the system of "your son and your mother died",which made it possible for the imperial breast mother to intervene in politics.Empress Dowager Feng twice before the court,leading the reform of Taihe.After the reform of Taihe,the rule of the Northern Wei went directly to the grass-roots level,strengthened the centralization of power,and built the Ming Hall,which symbolized the etiquette and imperial power of the Han ethnic group,which laid the political foundation for the relocation of the capital to Luoyang.During the reign of Emperor Taiwu,he conquered Northern Liang,opened the Hexi Corridor and connected the three Silk Roads.Pingcheng commerce and trade flourished,and the countries in the northeast and the Western Regions paid tribute.Many Sassanian glass and gilt products appear in the Pingcheng tombs.At the same time,Liangzhou Buddhism was also introduced to Pingcheng.During the period of Emperor Wencheng,Buddhism was promoted to promote the legitimacy of the Northern Wei regime in the Central Plains.At the same time,the world-famous Yungang Grottoes were excavated to carry forward Buddhism.During the period of Emperor Xiaowen,he vigorously promoted the Sinicization process of Xianbei and injected new vitality into the Chinese national community.Pingcheng,an ancient city located on the border zone of agriculture and animal husbandry,played an important role in the historical process of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and the integration of Hu and Han people during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.