Research On Portraits Of Tomb Owners In The Pingcheng Period Of The Northern Wei Dynasty

Tuoba Xianbei entered the Central Plains behind other minority tribes,but took advantage of the momentum to rise and finally unified the north,ending the chaotic situation of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms.Under the leadership of Tuoba Xianbei,multi-ethnic groups gathered in Pingcheng(now Datong,Shanxi).The multicultural society of the Northern Wei Dynasty needed a unified order and leadership,and Han culture played a decisive role in it.However,in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty,it was not long before Tuoba Xianbei transformed from a tribe to a country,and the old customs had not changed.Under the political system led by Tuoba Xianbei,the customs of the Hu people were also affecting China.Therefore,under the background of this era,Han culture and minority culture collided and coordinated,resulting in many new cultural characteristics,which were continued by the subsequent Sui and Tang societies and became part of the cultural disguise in the long history of China.The reappearance of tomb murals in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the Central Plains is not the traditional burial custom of Tuoba Xianbei,but the product of learning Han culture.And from the early days,under the conscious norms of the ruling class in the Northern Wei Dynasty,a tomb mural pattern centered on the portrait of the owner of the tomb on the front was formed.At the same time,under the influence of the strong national concept of "not my race" shown by the first three generations of Tuoba emperors in the Northern Wei Dynasty,the tomb murals in the early Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty also showed a strong "Hu Han hybrid" feature.After Xianbei’s immigration policy,Pingcheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty gathered a large number of ethnic minorities at that time,and the tomb murals immediately presented a display space for the collection of multi-ethnic cultures in the Northern Wei Dynasty.In the period of Emperor Xiaowen,the tomb murals declined obviously and almost disappeared.This is because of the impact of the sinicization reform during Emperor Xiaowen’s period,the burial customs of the Northern Wei Dynasty changed to the "Jin system".When Empress Dowager Feng personally designed her own tomb,she highlighted the etiquette of thin burials,and there were no more murals in the tomb.Under the background of paying attention to etiquette and hierarchy at that time,it was impossible for other upper-class tombs in the Northern Wei Dynasty to overstep.The mural painting tomb in Zhijiabao,Datong is probably a mural tomb during the period of Emperor Xianwen and Emperor Xiaowen.The tomb still maintains the tradition of painting murals before the Pingcheng period,but the content of the portraits has been significantly simplified.The portrait of the owner of the tomb is used as the content of the four walls in the stone coffin.However,because the context of the mural imitates the disappearance of the tomb owner’s real life theme,it can no longer be regarded as the expression of the “happy life” of the tomb owner’s death in the underworld.The feathered people in the murals of the stone coffin of Zhijiabao in Datong,the ox carts and pommel horses turning to the tomb gate,and the portraits of female figures,honeysuckle and lotus flowers on the tomb gate all indicate that the tomb owner and his wife will ascend to heaven and become immortals after accepting sacrifices.(Buddha)journey,the tomb murals have become the expression space for the owner of the tomb to pray for immortality.After that,the tomb murals of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty in the late Northern Dynasties inherited such contextual characteristics,and continued the mural pattern of the murals in the stone coffin of Zhijiabao in Datong,forming the so-called "Yecheng Regulations".This article mainly focuses on the six mural tombs with portraits of the tomb owners discovered in the Pingcheng period as the research object,and focuses on the portraits of the tomb owners to explore the background of the integration of multi-ethnic cultures and the gradual spread of Buddhism in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty.The characteristics of evolution and the reasons for its formation.