Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ Cultural Research

Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture is an important archaeological culture in the late Neolithic Age in Central Plains.At present,the research on Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture mostly focuses on pedigree research and regional research,but lacks integrity and comprehensive research.Therefore,based on the existing archaeological materials and research,this paper makes a comprehensive research on Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture,including connotation,definition,division,type,stage,source,flow direction,cultural exchange with surrounding areas,settlement form and civilization process.Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture takes kettle-shaped jars,kettle stoves,pot-shaped tripods,basinshaped tripods,flat-bottomed bottles with small mouths,deep-bellied pots with sand and various pots as basic combinations to distinguish them from Yangshao culture,late Longshan culture and surrounding cultures at the same time.Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture is mainly distributed in the neighboring areas of Henan,Shaanxi and Shanxi,which can be divided into southern Shanxi,western Henan,Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi,among which Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture in southern Shanxi can be divided into Dongguan type and Dongchengwang type;The second stage culture of Miaodigou in western Henan can be divided into Miaodigou type and Xiwo type.The second stage culture of Miaodigou in Guanzhong area can be divided into Hengzhen type and Huxizhuang type.Northern Shaanxi is mainly a small official road type.Among them,Dongguan type and Miaodigou type are the most typical artifacts,which belong to the core type of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture,while other types are in contact with surrounding cultures,showing certain local characteristics.Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture can be divided into five periods,the absolute age is about 2900 ～2400 BC,among which Yuanqu Dongguan is the representative of Dongguan type,which continues the first to fifth periods of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;The type of king in the east is represented by Hejingu Town,which is in the first stage of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;Miaodigou type is represented by Miaodigou in Shaanxi County,which is in the first to third phases of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;The Xiwo type is represented by Xin’an Xiwo,which is in the second,third and fifth periods of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;The type of horizontal array is represented by Huayin horizontal array,which is probably in the second and third periods of Miaodigou second-stage culture;Huxizhuang type is represented by Wugong Huxizhuang,which is in the second,third and fourth periods of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;Xiaoguan Road is represented by Xiaoguan Road in Suide and Shijiawan in Ganquan,which is in the third stage of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture.Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture was mainly formed when Yangshao culture declined,and was influenced by Dawenkou culture’s continuous westward advancement and Qujialing culture’s northward advancement.According to the early pottery of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture,it can be divided into four sources.Among them,Yangshao culture has the largest number of artifacts,accounting for 72.12% of the early remains of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;Followed by Qujialing culture,accounting for 13.27%;Thirdly,it comes from Dawenkou culture,accounting for 8.85%;Finally,the remains of the third phase of the chopping board from the same period are mainly objects with ears,accounting for a relatively small proportion,accounting for only 1.33%;In addition,Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture also has its own artifactsYi,accounting for 4.42% of the early artifacts.The second stage of Miaodigou culture has a great influence on the late Longshan culture in Central Plains,mainly flowing to eight cultures.First of all,the number of vessels flowing to Taosi culture is the largest,accounting for 70% of the late period of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;Secondly,it flows to Sanliqiao culture,accounting for 45.65% of the late period of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;The early remains flowing to Dongguan Longshan accounted for 33.91% of the pottery in the late Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;The artifacts flowing to Hakka Zhuang culture in Guanzhong area accounted for 33.48% of the late Miaodigou second-stage culture;The artifacts flowing to Wang Wan Phase ⅡI culture accounted for 20%of the late Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture;The artifacts flowing to Zaolutai culture in eastern Henan accounted for 33.91% of the late Miaodigou second-stage culture;The artifacts flowing to Hougang Phase Ⅱ culture in northern Henan accounted for 19.57% of the late Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture.There are few artifacts flowing to Shimao culture in northern Shaanxi,accounting for only 5.6% of the late Miaodigou secondstage culture.The communication situation between Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture and its surrounding cultures at the same time is mainly manifested in the fact that Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture is continuously impacted by Dawenkou culture in the east,Qujialing-Shijiahe culture in the south is advancing northward,and Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture also feeds back to some extent,and Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture tends to influence westward and northward.During this period,Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture was limited by the influence of Dawenkou culture and Qujialing-Shijiahe culture,and its communication with Dahe Village Phase V remains in central Henan was weak,which had certain influence on the types of front and back villages,Gushuihe Phase ⅡI types and Shijiahe culture,mainly affecting the chopping board Phase ⅡI remains and Changshan lower layer remains in the west,Bai Yan Phase Ⅱ remains and Laohushan culture in the north,and the early remains of Mengzhuang Longshan in the northeast.Compared with Yangshao culture,the settlement form and civilization process of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture have a new development.The number of settlements increased in the second phase of Miaodigou culture period,but the scale of the central settlement was smaller than that in Yangshao culture period.There was obvious social differentiation in the settlements,and there were obvious grades among regional settlements,which constituted settlement groups,and there were also grade differences among settlement groups.The civilization process of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ culture has also been accelerated.Besides the settlement performance,the differences between tombs can better reflect the wealth differentiation and class differences among Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ cultural groups.It is under the acceleration of Miaodigou Phase Ⅱ cultural civilization that the Central Plains region has laid a foundation for entering the civilized era.