Research On Primary Education In Lanzhou(1927-1945)

The period from 1927 to 1945 was a period of rapid development of primary school education in Lanzhou.During this period,the primary school education system tended to be perfected on the basis of the existing school system.Cooperating with the reform of educational administrative organization,the development focused on popularizing primary school education.The government formulates relevant policies on school support,teaching and teacher qualifications to promote the development of primary education in Lanzhou.The process of specific changes and implementation of the educational system and administrative organization between 1927 and 1945 can be divided into two stages.The period from 1927 to 1937 was the period of restoration and development of primary school education in Lanzhou,and also the period of promotion and construction of compulsory education.At the beginning of 1927,warlords and natural disasters frequently occurred in Gansu Province,which affected the development of primary school education.It was not until 1932 that the situation stabilized and the government vigorously developed primary education.The Gansu provincial government formulated relevant laws and regulations in accordance with changes in central policies,improved the local administrative guidance system and the school administrative system,formulated the purpose and goals of science education,detailed curriculum development,teaching material design,and assessment of the appointment and dismissal of teaching staff,and focused on opening short—term primary schools.Enroll school—age children and increase the proportion of school—age children enrolled in school.Emphasis on the development of primary school basic education,strengthening ideological education,increasing the control of primary school education,and vigorously promoting the development of compulsory education are the salient features of education development in this period.By 1937,there were 664 one—year short—term primary schools in the province with 38,648 students,and 3,156 other primary schools with 134,430 students.The number of schools,grades,and students in Lanzhou also varied.Improvement,primary education basically recovered and developed.During the period of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,the education policy needed to be changed in response to the war.The national education policy was put forward,which combined compulsory education and public supplementary education,and broadened the responsibility and scope of primary education.Efforts should be made to carry out education as usual,and still focus on the development of primary school education.As the provincial capital of Gansu,Lanzhou,by virtue of its special geographical location,has become an important transportation channel,military base,and anti—war material provider in the rear.In addition,the policy guidance during the wartime promoted the flow of funds and talents here,and promoted the development of primary education in Lanzhou.Driven by policy support and implementation,primary school education in Lanzhou maintained daily teaching activities as much as possible through flowing school during the war.The Lanzhou government and primary schools pay close attention to primary education,follow the educational purpose,formulate teaching plans,carry out teaching activities,and assess teachers,improving the quality and level of primary education in Lanzhou.Wartime education was developed to meet the enrollment needs of nearby school—age children.During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,Lanzhou successiveely opened new primary schools to absorb school—age children in the jurisdiction and expand classes.In 1944,Lanzhou(including Gaolan County,Yuzhong County,and Yongdeng County)had a total of37,333 students.It more than doubled in 1936.By the end of 1945,the number of primary schools,students,and teachers in Lanzhou had increased compared with those before the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.There were 54 public and private central national schools in Lanzhou,and 13 national schools,a total of 67 schools,accounting for the province’s central national schools.Schools and national schools accounted for 6.5% and 1% respectively,achieving an increase in "quantity".There are also some problems in the development of primary school education in Lanzhou.Faced with such problems as shortage of education funds,low teaching quality,and weak teachers,the Gansu Provincial Government and Lanzhou Government formulated relevant promotion policies and improvement measures.Educational administrative organs at all levels strengthen the custody and supervision mechanism of education funds,broaden the ways of raising funds,and reward donations to start schools to alleviate the shortage of education funds.The government vigorously cultivates teachers as teachers,supervises and guides teachers’ self—learning,and expands the number of teachers,improves teachers’ professional quality,and improves teachers’ remuneration through training methods such as workshops,which objectively play a certain role.As far as the effect is concerned,the strength of teachers has gradually increased,the teaching level has slowly improved,and the quality of primary school education has improved.On the whole,from 1927 to 1945,primary education in Lanzhou was opened and developed in accordance with the policies formulated by the Nanjing National Government,and gradually improved the educational administrative organization,inspection organization,and school administrative organization,and absorbed various social groups to help education development.Focusing on education,a large number of short—term primary schools are opened in order to quickly popularize primary education and achieve rapid development in quantity.And by improving the management of fund raising,promoting teaching and research,and focusing on the construction of teachers,etc.,the improvement of the quality of primary school education in Lanzhou was promoted,so that the construction and development of primary schools during this period reached the highest level in the Republic of China.