| Anyuan is located in the south of Ganzhou,Jiangxi Province,its county seat is Xinshan Town.Locals widely speak Hakka dialect.This paper takes the dialect of Xinshan Town as the research object,and uses the field research combining the anthropological participation observation method and the traditional dialect investigation method to collect the dialect materials,describe the phonology and summarize its characteristics.Observing the phonetic changes of the dialects of Xinshan for 30 years since they were recorded by comparing with the existing literature.At the same time,using sociolinguistic research methods to collect and analyze data,observe ongoing phonetic variation,summarize its trends and laws,and try to analyze the way and influencing factors of variation.The study found that the main characteristics of the phonology of Anyuan Xinshan dialect are:In the initial of consonants,Xinshan dialect treats most of the old voiced stops and affricates of Middle Chinese as voiceless aspirates.The pronunciation of Jian initialk(尖音)and Tuan initials(团音)are distinctive from each other.The reflexes of MC Jing group(精组)initials are[ts][ts’][s],the reflexes of MC Jian group(精组)initials are[tc][tc’][c]before Xiyin(细音),and[k][k’]before Hongyin(洪音);Part of the kaikou-sandeng(开口三等)words of MC Lai(来)initial are now pronounced a stop[t];There are syllable nasal and throat consonants in Xinshan dialect.In the finals,there is no stop coda in Xinshan dialect,the finals of MC Ru(入声韵)and the finals of MC Yin(入声韵)are combined,and the four groups of Xian(咸),Shen(深),Shan(山),Zhen(臻)have independent rhymes,they pronounce[3][iε][uε]now;The nasal sounds of some finals of MC(阳声韵)are weakened,and nasalized vowels are used as the nucleus;There is vocalisation of nasals in Xinshan dialect.Some fianls of xieshe-kaikou(蟹摄开口)merge with Jia(假摄).In terms of tone,The ancient Ping(平声)tone is divided into two categories:YinPing(阴平)and YangPing(阳平);The ancient Qu(去声)tone is also divided into two categories:YinQu(阴去)and YangQu(阳去);Most of the ancient Shang tone does not distinguish between Yin and Yang,part of Zhuo Shang(浊上)belongs to Yinping(阴平),and part of them belongs to Qu(去声);The ancient Ru tone split into other tones.Through literature comparison and observation,it is found that the phonological changes of Anyuan Xinshan dialect are:the initials of the ancient Zhi(知),Zhang(章),Zhuang(庄)group merged with the Jing group(精),and the lingual initials——[t?][t?’][?]disappeared;[?]merged with[a],and/?/disappeared;The nasal consonants of some ancient Yi initials have fallen off,and they are mixed with the Ying group;The scope of use of[u]is expanded;The special syllable nasal finals of ancient shanshe-kaikou-yideng(山摄开口一等),shanshe-hekou-yideng(山摄合口一等),and shanshe-hekou-erdeng(山摄合口 二等)gradually de-syllable and become nasal finals——[?][u?];The main vowel of ancient Dang(宕摄)and Jiang(江摄)become less rounded,lower and forward,and evolves in the direction of ??>a?>a?.Through the analysis of the specific situation of phonetic variation,it is found that the phonetic variation of Xinshan dialect is mainly based on diffusion.The disappearance of[t?][t?’][?];the shedding of the nasal initials of some words of ancient Yi(疑)initials and the spread of[u]all show an irregular distribution of old and new variants.Different words use different variants.The motivation of phonetic evolution includes the influence and restriction of phonetic structure.On the one hand,it promotes phonetic variation,for example,the preposition of the tongue position of[i]pushes[t?][t?’][?]to become[ts][ts’][s];On the other hand,it makes it difficult for the variant to leave the scope of the original phonetic structure,such as the spread of[u].The contact with Mandarin makes the phonetic variation move closer to the standard language as a whole.Changes and developments in social life have made phonetic variation easier and faster for written words,less frequently used words,and words representing old things that are gradually fading out of everyday life.Culturally relevant regulations may deepen the degree of language variation in the corresponding occupational population. |
