Study On Philosophical Criticism And The Human Emancipation Of Young Marx

Marxism is a theory about the emancipation and all-round development of people.In the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,Marx first integrates philosophical criticism,criticism of political economy and communism for exploring realistic road towards the human emancipation.Especially in the sixth discussion of communism,namely[Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole],through a series of philosophical criticisms,Marx stands confirmedly on the position of proletariat,discussing the issues of communism and the human emancipation.Marx first criticizes the Young Hegelians’s criticism on Hegel.D.F.Strauss and Bruno Bauer respectively extracts the "substance" and "self-consciousness" from Hegelian system,and criticizes it in turn.Marx points out that Hegelians’s critique as a retrogression of Hegel’s principle of "substance is subject" is uncritical.In particular for the self-consciousness philosophy represented by Bauer,it proclaims the slogan of criticism in the historical field,stresses "pure criticism",prevails above the masses,and makes the masses addicted to "the tranquility of Knowledge".Eventually,the critical became a reactionary doctrine,namely "new theology",which runs counter to Marx’s theory of proletarian revolutionary practice.So Marx traces the critical back to its"mother",namely Hegelian speculative idealism,and thoroughly criticizes the critical.Marx exposes that Bauer’s discussion about human freedom and emancipation is confined to realm of pure thought,and then criticized this illusory form of emancipation.Then,Marx points out that Feuerbach made a real discovery when he criticizes Hegelian dialectics.But Feuerbach still could not "supersede" it in its original sense.On the one hand,Marx believes that Feuerbach’s philosophy represents the philosophical achievements of the modern German theoretical level,and also lists Feuerbach’s "three great achievements":he points out that Hegelian philosophy is nothing but a rationalized religion;he creates true materialism;he criticizes the negation of the negation with the direct self-affirmation.On the other hand,Marx penetrates into Ph?nomenologie,the birthplace of Hegelian dialectics,conducting independent criticism.Marx not only criticizes the "double error" of Hegel’s dialectics on the selfalienation and self-annulling,but also affirms the positive elements of Hegel’s dialectics and takes a preliminary materialist transformation:he absorbs the negation principle of dialectics,and thus gets the critical elements suffocated by the idealist form;he affirms the principle of activity contained in dialectics,and thereby transforms the thinking activities into the process of human labor;he affirms the historical principle and thus transforms the history of the production of abstract into human history,communism and the riddle of history solved.By affirming and transcending Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism,Marx began to overcome the limitations in Feuerbach’s abstract liberation because of his "religion of love";by criticizing and transforming Hegelian dialectics,Marx has found the positive theoretical factors,which supports the discourse of human liberation emancipation.As a result,during the formation of the young Marx’s thought,Marx bid farewell to the Young Hegelians and moved towards Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism.While Marx surpassed Feuerbach and absorbed the positive elements of Hegel’s philosophy,Marx gradually realized a meaningful philosophical revolution.In the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,Marx was not a "Feuerbachians",and the discussion at this time already contained the basic reasons for criticizing Feuerbach;Marx criticized Hegel,but returned to Hegel and absorbed its dialectics which can serve the discourse of communism and human emancipation.Moreover,in the interaction of philosophical criticism,criticism of political economy and communism discourse,Marx has developed the embryonic form of a new world outlook.Marx’s expression of"practice" with "object activity" and the expression of "real individuals" in terms of human social being and natural being show that this section is closely related to Thesis on Feuerbach and A Critique of The German Ideology.In short,[Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole]is an important part for understanding the formation of Marxian philosophy and the formation of Marxian human emancipation.