| In order to solve the "agonizing question",Marx made a critical analysis of Hegel’s philosophy of right,and his first work was " the Critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right"(hereinafter referred to as "the critique manuscript").By criticizing Hegel’s philosophy of right which was "in the forefront of The Times",Marx indirectly criticized the capitalist society and took an important step towards historical materialism.The stormy bourgeois political revolution changed the world and separated civil society from the political state.How do we understand the relationship? What method should be adopted to achieve the reunification of the two parts?How to understand the relationship between political state and civil society.With the principle of subject-predicate inversion,Marx reversed the relationship between civil society and political state reversed by Hegel,thinking that "civil society determines political state".Through the analysis of the primogeniture system,Marx thought that private property determines the legislative power and political state.From then on,Marx opened a new perspective of studying history--civil society.On the one hand,the bourgeois political state promises equal political power to the people.On the other hand,the civil society is divided into different classes,people fight for their own interests.So,people are alienated into " member of a political state" and " members of the civil society".The divided "citizens" impose their human essence on the "political state",which is the religious field of people’s life and cannot realize the universal essence of people.During the period of " the Germany-France Yearbook",Marx put forward the goal of human liberation.How to realize the reunification of civil society and political country.Hegel advocates a constitutional monarchy,but there are insuperable flaws in his design of state institutions: mystique,conservatism and contempt for the people.He described rather than actually resolved the separation between civil society and the political state.Although Marx’s "True Democracy" is a kind of political society,but it realizes the unification of civil society and political state and realizes the freedom of people.It is the "bridge" to communism.Marx believed that it is the people that should establish a new state system by means of revolution.The state system should safeguard the interests of the people and it is only the people that can evaluate the "good or bad" of a state system.Without a scientific view of practice,Marx’s concept of "people" is an abstract concept.However,on the issue of "the nature of man",Marx turned his eyes to "the real experienced man" itself,highlighting the "social characteristics" of man,and regarded labor as "the universal nature of man".Marx inherited Hegel’s thinking frame of separating civil society from political state,and analyzed problems with distinct Feuerbach humanism background.In this manuscript,idealism and materialism,revolutionary democracy and communism interweave each other.So this manuscript is not a mature historical materialism book,walking on the way to the historical materialism. |
