| In recent years,the ecological function of the Yangtze River has been significantly degraded,and the biological integrity index has reached the worst "no fish" level.For this end,the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs announced that from January1,2021,key waters of the Yangtze River basin will implement a permanent ban of 10 years.At present,the task of returning fishing in all provinces(cities)along the Yangtze River has been basically completed,but many fishermen still have the problem of low quality and ability after going ashore.Preventing fishermen to catch back and helping fishermen to establish sustainable livelihood will become the focus of ecological compensation work in China in the future.This is not only related to the steady progress of the ten-year fishing ban in the Yangtze River,but also related to the survival and development of the over 23 0,000 fishermen.Stable employment is the first of the "six stability".Due to fishermen,the conversion of employment will be subject to the constraints of capital,system,society and other aspects,the idea of livelihood recovery can further describe the multiple factors affecting the livelihood choice of fishermen,and explore the dynamic impact of the structural difference of livelihood resilience on the promotion of employment.Therefore,this paper theoretically discusses the impact and difference of livelihood resilience on the increase of income and wealth of fishermen after the implementation of agriculture-leading mode and non-agricultural conversion mode,and explores the combined characteristics of livelihood restoration of fishermen in different modes of employment through empirical analysis,in order to switch production employment support policy perfect,promote the Yangtze river retreating fishermen higher quality employment provide corresponding reference.In this paper,six typical regions along the river in Sichuan,Chongqing,Hunan,Jiangxi,Anhui,Jiangsu,397 were employed in the agriculture-leading mode,187 were retired fishermen in the non-agricultural leading mode as the research subjects,the orderly logistic regression model was used to comparative illustrate the impact of fishermen’s livelihood recovery combination on their choice of farming-led mode and non-agricultural transfer mode to achieve poverty alleviation and prosperity,considering that the realization of fishermen’s employment is the result of the combination of multi-level precursor conditions,on this basis,necessary condition analysis(NCA)and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fs / QCA)are used to further consider the influence of different livelihood recovery combination conditions on the realization path of different modes of employment.The study conclusions are summarized as follows:(1)The livelihood recovery conditions of farmers have a significant impact on the degree of poverty alleviation and prosperity of the two modes of fishermen for employment,However,there are some differences: 6 indicators of the area of contracted cultivated land and aquaculture pond mouth in the natural capital under the buffer capacity,the health condition of fishermen and the number of household workers in human capital under the buffer capacity,subsidy opportunities under self-organizing capacity,technical training under learning ability that have a significant positive impact on the degree of poverty alleviation and prosperity of fishermen in the farmingled mode;For the non-agricultural-led employment model,the proportion of nonagricultural income in financial capital under the buffer capacity,the number of connections between social capital and government organizations in social capital under the buffer capacity,the education level in human capital under the buffer capacity,the accessibility of services under self-organization ability and the learning ability all have a significant positive impact on the degree of poverty alleviation and prosperity.It shows that fishermen’s livelihood choice and the farming leading mode have higher requirements on fishermen’s natural and human capital endowment,while for the nonagricultural transfer mode,it pays more attention to the change of social capital and financial capital.(2)The marginal effect of the 4 indicators of contracted farmland area,aquaculture pond mouth area,health condition of family and the number of household workers on the degree of poverty alleviation after the adoption of the agricultural leading mode is higher than that of the non-agricultural transfer mode;the marginal effect of natural capital in buffer capacity is greater than human capital for the agriculture leading mode;for the non-agricultural transfer model,the marginal effect of social capital and financial capital is larger,followed by human capital,with the smallest marginal effect of natural capital.(3)No matter in the agricultural mode area or the non-agricultural transfer mode area,the livelihood recovery conditions all depend on each other and jointly affect the effectiveness of poverty alleviation and prosperity of fishermen turning to production and employment,and the roles in different configurations are also significantly different.Overall,both NCA and fs / QCA methods indicate that a single condition does not constitute a necessary condition for fishermen to switch to employment choice.In terms of fishermen farming-dominant mode employment,buffer,self-organization and learning ability "collaborative concurrent",will promote fishermen farming employment path summarized by the self-organization ability independent interpretation of adaptation mode,by self-organization ability and learning ability and explained by the buffer ability and learning ability to explain the adaptation mode.For the non-agricultural transfer model,three adaptation paths to promote non-agricultural employment are proposed,namely,the adaptation modes independently explained by learning ability,jointly explained by learning and self-organization ability,and jointly explained by buffer and self-organization ability,are explored to drive the choice of livelihood strategies in the way of "all paths lead to the same destination".Finally,according to the location of the six research sites,it is further found that different factor endowments promote the development path of fishermen to switch to employment.Based on the above research conclusion,put forward policy suggestions:(1)the government since the organization ability to give high attention can improve farming employment pattern in the proportion of fishermen livelihood choice,flexible use of paper,flyers,TV online channels to increase fishermen farming policy propaganda,focusing on explaining the proportion of government subsidies,subsidy methods and other contents that fishermen are most concerned about,and provide consumer credit loans and discount interest support to fishermen who actively choose to work in agriculture to alleviate poverty,let fishermen "engaged in guaranteed".(2)the government should attach importance to the learning ability in the formation of fishermen non-agricultural employment promote the important role of income,skills training could more consider fishermen own understanding and application ability,to give certain training subsidies and appraisal subsidies for fishermen who attend training qualified,to explore leading enterprises,electric business platform,fishermen cooperatives and other new operators drive fishermen employment benefit coupling mechanism.(3)the government needs to design "adjust measures to local conditions" accurate employment support policy according to different development model and elements endowment characteristics,through the combination of other conditions and policies,make up for the lack of "weakness" of a previous dependent variable in the fishermen’s employment path,so that fishermen’s livelihood can be restored to meet the basic requirements of the corresponding mode of employment for the fishermen not to return to poverty,and realize the sustainable income increase of the fishermen after they have transferred to work and landed. |
