| Eimeria tenella(E.tenella)is one of the chicken coccidia species that is the most harmful to chicken flocks.It is necessary to isolate and purify E.tenella from the mixed coccidia.The large-scale use of anticoccidial drugs has led to increasingly serious drug resistance and drug residues.According to research,adding Chinese herbal medicine to chicks’diets can inhibit the invasion of coccidioids into the chicken intestine.This subject obtained E.tenella by single oocyst separation technology;through the effect of pomegranate peel on the growth performance,anti-coccidial effect,intestinal morphology,serum biochemical and antioxidant indexes of chicks infected with coccidiosis vaccine,,to explore pomegranate the preventive and therapeutic effects of peel on chicken coccidiosis,providing theoretical support for the application value of pomegranate peel.Below are key research findings:1.Isolation and identification of Eimeria tenella from chickensCoccidia oocysts were isolated from fresh feces,and pure-bred single oocysts were identified by agarose-embedding method.20 healthy chicks aged 1 to 7 days were infected and identified as E.Tenella,the second-generation single oocyst chick infection test was carried out on its isolates.The results showed that the specific part of the coccidial parasite was in the cecum,the incubation period was 119 h,the shortest sporulation time was 18 h,and the oocysts were oval in shape.The color of the oocyst wall was light yellow,the size of the oocyst was 16.80-26.80μm×14.40-27.20μm,the average size was 20.55×17.27μm,and the shape index was 1.19.2.Research on the preventive effect of pomegranate peel on chicken coccidiosis7-day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups,namely pomegranate peel low-dose group(1 g/kg),high-dose group(3 g/kg),salinomycin group(600 mg/kg),negative group and positive group.The chicks were given drug prophylaxis on the day of grouping and adminstered until end of the trial.At 14 days of age,except the negative group,each chick in the other 4 groups was challenged with 1 m L(5.5×10~4 oocysts,including E.tenella,E.maxima,E.necatrix,and E.acervulina).After the 22-day-old were weighed on an empty stomach in the morning,blood was collected from 20 chicks from each group.The main results are shown below:2.1 The effect of pomegranate peel on the performance of chicksCompared with the positive group,the average body weight and average weight gain of the low pomegranate group and high pomegranate group were very conspicuous promote,in addition the average daily gain was 15.04%(P<0.01)and 6.21%(P>0.05)higher than the positive group,respectively,the average daily gain in the low pomegranate group was not strinkingly different from that in the salinomycin group,and the feed-to-weight ratio was strinkingly different from that in the positive group.The results showed that adding pomegranate peel to the feed in advance could prevent coccidiosis from invading chicks and improve the production performance of chicks.Compared with the high-dose group,the low-dose group had better effect.2.2 The effect of pomegranate peel on the anti-coccidial effect of chicksThe bloody stool and lesion value of each experimental group were less than those of the positive group;the low pomegranate peel group and the salinomycin group had similar ovulation numbers,and the positive group had the highest number of oocysts;The ACI was167.98,163.7,and 173.58,respectively,all of which belonged to moderate anticoccidial drugs.The results showed that before chicks were infected with coccidiosis,adding pomegranate peel could reduce the bloody stool,the number of oocysts and the lesion value,and increase the ACI.The anticoccidial effect of the low-dose group was quite close to that of salinomycin..2.3 The effect of pomegranate peel on the serum biochemical indexes of chicksThe doses of ALB,TP,GLB,TG and ALP in the low pomegranate peel group and high pomegranate peel group were higher than those in the positive group;The CR content in both groups of pomegranate peel was decreased compared with the positive group.The results indicated that pomegranate peel could increase the contents of ALB,TP,GLB,TG and ALP which were decreased due to coccidiosis infection of chicks,and decreased the contents of CR which were increased due to coccidiosis infection of chicks.2.4 The effect of pomegranate peel on serum antioxidant indexes of chicksCompared with the positive group,the low-dose group and high-dose group had decreased MDA,increased GSH-PX and SOD content,but the difference not conspicuous;The T-AOC activity of the low pomegranate peel group was outstandingly eminent higher than the positive group and eminently higher than the high pomegranate peel group.Research show that pomegranate peel could increase the activities of GSH-PX,SOD and T-AOC declined by coccidiosis infection of chicks,reduce the content of MDA increased by coccidiosis infection of chicks,and maintain the normal nutritional metabolism of chicks.2.5 The effect of pomegranate peel on the intestinal morphology of chicksThe VH,villus height/crypt depth VH/CD of duodenum,jejunum and ileum in the other test groups were higher than those in the positive group,except the high pomegranate peel group whose jejunum villus height VH was lower than the positive group.The results indicated that pomegranate peel could improve the VH and VH/CD decreased by coccidiosis infection of chicks,and promote the absorption of the diet by the chicks.3.Study on the therapeutic effect of pomegranate peel on chicken coccidiosis14-day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups,namely pomegranate peel low-dose group(1 g/kg),high-dose group(3 g/kg),toltrazuril(25 mg/L)group,negative group and positive group,Except for the negative group,each chick in the other 4 groups was attacked with 1 m L(5.5×10~4oocysts,including E.tenella,E.maxima,E.necatrix,and E.acervulina),and the chicks were successfully infected with coccidiosis.The drug was administered until the end of the experiment.After weighing on an empty stomach at 25days of age in the morning,blood was collected from 20 chicks from each group.The main results are shown below:3.1 The effect of pomegranate peel on the performance of chicksThe average body weight of the two groups of pomegranate peels was eminently heavier than positive group,and there was no notable difference among the other groups;the average weight gain and daily gain of the high-dose group were remarkable heavier than positive group;Compared with the low-dose group and toltrazuril group,the high-dose group decreased by 5.03%(P>0.05)and 0.58%(P>0.05),respectively.The research suggests that adding pomegranate peel to the feed can reduce the infestation of coccidiosis on chicks and improve the production performance of chicks.The production performance of the high-dose group was stronger than that of the low-dose group.3.2 The effect of pomegranate peel on the anti-coccidial effect of chicksAfter administration and treatment,the bloody stool and lesion value of each experimental group were conspicuously reduced compared with the positive group.The ACI of the low pomegranate peel group was 151.51,which was a low-efficiency anticoccidial drug.The results showed that the addition of pomegranate peel to the feed could reduce bloody stool,the number of oocysts and the lesion value,and increase the ACI.The high-dose group of pomegranate peel had better anti-coccidial effect.3.3 Effect of pomegranate peel on serum biochemical indexes of chicksThe doses of ALB,TP,GLB,and TG in each group were higher than the positive group,with no strinking difference;The CR dose in the high pomegranate peel group was strinkingly lower than that in the positive group;the ALP activity in the low-dose and high-dose groups was significantly higher than that in the positive group,each groups no markedly difference.The study revealed that pomegranate peel can increase the content of ALB,TP,GLB,TG and ALP decreased by coccidiosis infection of chicks,and reduce the content of CR increased by coccidiosis infection of chicks.3.4 Effect of pomegranate peel on serum antioxidant indexes of chicksThe doses of MDA and GSH-PX in each group were not outstandingly different,but the dose of MDA in the two groups of pomegranate peel was lower than that of the positive group,and the dose of GSH-PX was increased compared with the positive group;the SOD of the two groups of pomegranate peel was not outstandingly different from the positive group The serum T-AOC activity in the high-dose group was outstandingly higher than that in the positive group,and there was no conspicuous difference between the high-dose group and the negative group.The study revealed that pomegranate peel can improve the activity of GSH-PX,SOD and T-AOC decreased by coccidiosis infection of chicks,reduce the content of MDA increased by coccidiosis infection of chicks,and maintain the normal nutritional metabolism of chicks.3.5 The effect of pomegranate peel on the intestinal morphology of chicksCompared with the positive group,the VH and VH/CD of the duodenum,jejunum and ileum increased in both the pomegranate peel groups,and were decreased compared with the negative group,but the difference was no eminent.The results showed that pomegranate peel could improve the VH and VH/CD decreased by coccidiosis infection of chicks,the improvement effect of the high-dose group was steonger than that of the toltrazuril group,and the low-dose group had the worst effect.To sum up,E.tenella strains were obtained by single oocyst isolation technique;adding pomegranate peel to the diet before and after coccidiosis infection of chicks can effectively improve the growth performance of chicks compared with the positive group.Serum protein and enzymes were improved to different degrees,which improved the antioxidant capacity of the chicks;pomegranate peel had a certain anti-coccidial effect,the ACI of the low-dose prevention group reached 167.98,and the high-dose treatment group ACI reached 164.92,both of which were moderately effective anti-coccidiosis.In addition,pomegranate peel can protect the integrity of intestinal villi,increase VH/CD,and reduce the damage of coccidial worms to the intestine.The addition of pomegranate peel has certain preventive and therapeutic effects before and after the chicks are infected with coccidiosis,and has a certain development prospect. |
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