| The study of Chinese rural dwellings has always been a hot topic in architectural research.In recent years,with the continuous deepening of China’s "rural revitalization" work,the study of rural dwellings has become more important and urgent.Among them,the indoor thermal environment of rural dwellings has always been a focus of research,especially in cold regions,where the optimization of indoor thermal environment is more urgent.Due to the special characteristics of rural dwellings construction and indoor space,the poor indoor thermal environment in winter seriously affects the thermal comfort and health of residents.Many rural houses have problems such as unstable indoor temperature,low indoor temperature,poor air quality,and poor ventilation,which seriously affect residents’ quality of life and physical health.At the same time,rural housing generally uses traditional building materials and structures,and lacks efficient heating equipment,resulting in higher energy consumption.According to relevant research,the air conditioning load of rural housing in China is generally high,especially in winter,and energy consumption and waste are prominent.Therefore,to solve this problem,it is necessary to adopt scientific architectural design methods,use energy-saving equipment,and adopt renewable energy measures to optimize the thermal environment of rural housing and reduce energy consumption.Currently,local governments are unifying the appearance of rural areas to cater to the "rural revitalization" trend,and an important task is the renovation of rural housing.Therefore,this paper takes this as a starting point to study the impact of rural housing spatial form on indoor thermal environment and air conditioning load,which is of great significance for improving the thermal comfort of rural residents and saving energy.This study conducted a survey to understand the main types and layout characteristics of local residences,and through measurements and questionnaire surveys,the indoor and outdoor thermal environment of the main residential spaces and the residents’ satisfaction and thermal sensation were obtained.Ladybug,Honeybee,and Energy Plus software were used for simulation to analyze the influence of spatial layout and architectural spatial elements on the indoor thermal environment of the main residential spaces.Reasonable ranges of values for each type of spatial element were proposed,and an idealized spatial model for rural residences in Linyi was proposed to achieve better indoor thermal environment and lower cooling and heating loads.Finally,orthogonal experiments and software simulations were used to analyze whether the influence of the spatial form factors of the main house on the indoor thermal environment was affected by the performance of the enclosing structure,providing direction for future research.The main research findings are as follows:(1)During the winter,the indoor temperature in rural Linyi is significantly lower than the human comfort range,with an average temperature of 3.3°C during the measurement period,which almost all data do not meet the GB/T standard(16°C ～ 24°C).(2)The local residents’ neutral temperature in summer is 26.7°C,and 14.4°C in winter.The summer thermal comfort demand is23.3°C～30°C,and 11.25°C～17.5°C in winter.(3)The impact of the spatial form factors of rural dwellings on the indoor daily temperature and the proportion of comfortable time throughout the year is minimal.The main influence is on the indoor heating and cooling load.The indoor heating and cooling load of the courtyard layout of the east wing-style three-courtyard house can be reduced by 1,491.89 k Wh compared to the four-courtyard house.This article simulates the ideal spatial model of rural dwellings in Linyi,which has a main house width of 4.8m,a net height of 2.6m,a depth of 3.9m,a window-to-wall ratio of 0.3,a distance of 0.3m between the side houses and the main house,a depth of 3.2m for the side houses,a net height of 2.3m,and a ridge height of 0.9m.Compared with the original prototype of the dwelling,the summer and winter daily temperatures increased by 0.15°C and 0.4°C,respectively,and the proportion of comfortable time throughout the year increased by 1.52%.The total annual heating and cooling load decreased by 2,808.86 k Wh.(4)The results of the orthogonal experiment show that among the simulated form factors,the building width,depth,and net height have no significant impact on the indoor daily temperature and the proportion of comfortable time throughout the year.The southfacing window-to-wall ratio shows either "significant" or "highly significant" impact,and with the improvement of the building envelope’s thermal performance,the impact of the window-to-wall ratio will also increase.(5)The impact of the building envelope on the indoor thermal environment is greater than the impact of the spatial form factor.When meeting the requirements of the "Energy-saving Design Standards for Rural Residential Buildings," the daily indoor temperature in winter can increase by 3.91°C,the proportion of comfortable time throughout the year can increase by 6.86%,and the total annual heating and cooling load can be reduced by 41.97% compared to the current state of rural dwellings in Linyi.The conclusions of this study have important practical implications for improving the indoor thermal environment of rural dwellings.The study shows that in winter,the indoor temperature is often too low to satisfy thermal comfort needs,and that the enclosure structure has a greater impact on the indoor thermal environment than spatial form factors.Therefore,future rural dwelling designs and renovations should focus on improving the enclosure structure,using building materials and construction techniques that meet standard requirements,and improving the building’s thermal performance to achieve the dual goals of energy conservation and improving the indoor thermal environment.Additionally,this study used an orthogonal experimental method to systematically analyze spatial form factors and enclosure structures,providing a reference for future research and promoting research and practical work on the thermal environment of rural dwellings. |
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