Study On The Temporal And Spatial Distribution Of Tibetan Buddhist Temples In Amdo Area

Tibetan Buddhism is the product of the sinicization of Buddhism.Deepening and perfecting the study of Tibetan Buddhism from multiple perspectives is conducive to promoting the communication and integration of all ethnic groups in China.As an important material carrier of Tibetan culture,Tibetan Buddhist temples are an important field of Tibetan Buddhism research and have high academic research value.In recent years,with the wide application of geospatial technology in the research field,the academic community has introduced some spatial analysis methods into the study of Tibetan Buddhist temples,and explored their spatial pattern and geographical distribution rules,which has reference value for deepening the understanding of Tibetan Buddhist temples and deepening the cognition of human-land relationship in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.However,there is a lack of sub-regional research on the temporal and spatial distribution changes and spatial pattern characteristics of Tibetan Buddhist sects and affiliated temples from the perspective of Tibetan studies.Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution changes of Tibetan Buddhist temples by using geographic information system technology and Tibetan related research results.It is conducive to expanding the research framework of Tibetology and geography,and has positive significance for improving the research of Chinese historical geography and promoting the economic and social development of Tibet-related areas.This paper takes the current situation of 918 Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in some Tibetanrelated prefectures and counties in Qinghai,Gansu and Sichuan provinces,which are basically corresponding to the traditional Amdo region,as the object,and collects and collates the typical conditions of the natural environment in the study area and the relevant data and literature of the temples in the four historical periods of Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties.The spatiotemporal database of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in Amdo Tibetan-related regions was established,and the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and their denominations in Amdo region were quantitatively analyzed by using geographic information system technology.From the perspective of social and historical evolution,this paper makes a qualitative analysis of the phased spatial distribution changes and pattern characteristics of each sect temple.The main conclusions are as follows :(1)The overall distribution of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in Amdo has distinct regional characteristics and relative aggregation characteristics.There is an extremely high density area and a high density area in the east.The distribution range of the Gelugpa monastery is the widest.The Ningma monastery forms two distribution belts of Qinghai-Gansu and Qinghai-Sichuan.The Sakya monastery,Kaju monastery,Juenan monastery and Bon monastery are mostly distributed in the junction of Sichuan,Qinghai and Gansu provinces.(2)The natural environmental factors such as elevation,slope and river system are the necessary prerequisites and basic conditions for the formation of the temple ’s spatial and temporal pattern.The elevation of Tibetan Buddhist temples in the Anduo area shows a ’concentration-equilibrium ’ change process with the evolution of historical years;the slope of the temple showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of the slope in each historical period.The distance between the temple and the river system has the same distribution trend in each historical period.Most of the temples are distributed within 20 km from the river,and the number of temples gradually decreases with the increase of the river buffer distance.(3)The evolution of social history is the dominant factor in the historical evolution and current situation of Tibetan Buddhism temples,which presents the basic trend of the sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism.Based on the temporal and spatial database of Tibetan Buddhist temples in Anduo area,this paper makes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of Tibetan Buddhist temples in Anduo area by using the method of geographic information technology.The results show that the spatial distribution of temples in Song Dynasty is relatively scattered,the number of temples and the types of sects are less,and Tibetan Buddhism begins to develop.The spatial distribution of monasteries in the Yuan Dynasty was still relatively independent,mainly concentrated in the northeast and southeast of the Anduo area,but the number of monasteries and sects increased significantly,and the development of Tibetan Buddhism accelerated.The temples in the Ming Dynasty showed an approximate arc-shaped distribution zone in space.The Gelug Sect temples ’ stood out ’ in the Anduo area,and Tibetan Buddhism developed rapidly.The distribution of monasteries in the Qing Dynasty formed a pattern of coverage,and the Gelug sect and its affiliated monasteries developed to their heyday in the Anduo area.The distribution centers of Tibetan Buddhist temples in Anduo area in various historical periods are mostly concentrated in the border areas of Gansu,Qinghai and Sichuan provinces.Due to the influence of the natural geographical environment and social and historical development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the migration direction is ’ southeast-northwest ’.