A Study On Shang Kuo’s Landscape Building Design

In the 1970s,due to the "Cultural Revolution",the development of landscape architecture and architecture design was held back in China.However,the designers in Guangzhou and Guilin made successful explorations through bold innovations.Among them,the landscape buildings of Guilin created by Shang Kuo played an important role in inheriting tradition and further innovating.Exploring the design ideas of landscape buildings of Shang Kuo is of guiding significance for the current scenic area planning and landscape building design.However,the existing research fails to fully analyze the landscape buildings created by Shang Kuo,nor does it fully reveal the design ideas of Shang Kuo landscape building.Therefore,it is necessary to study the landscape building design of Shang Kuo in depth.The architect’s creation and design ideas are closely related to the experience.They are influenced by the education background and professional practice.From the above analysis,the three research questions of this thesis are: 1)What ideas influenced Shang Kuo’s landscape building design? 2)How were these ideas reflected in Shang Kuo’s landscape building design? 3)What is the impact and significance of Shang Kuo’s landscape building design? Based on the relevant literature,the author analyzed Shang Kuo ’s design practice in the context of social transformation,economy,politics and so on.The design ideas of Shang Kuo’s “Architectural Space Combination Principle” which was based on the concept of “composition” was concluded through the analysis of the work and study experience of Shang Kuo in the School of Architecture,Tianjin University,The Study of Architectural Theory and History Research in Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guilin Institute of Architectural Design and Research."Theory" was taken as a framework for the analysis of Shang Kuo’s landscape building design,and the characteristics of Shang Kuo’s landscape building design was confirmed through the interpretation of the architecture of Qixing Park Bonsai Garden and Qixingyan Cave,Reed Flute Rock Pavilion,VIP Reception Room,Shanhu Island Architectural Complex,Building 4 of Ronghu Hotel,Qixing Park Scenic Area,Reed Flute Scenic Area and Rongshan Lake Scenic Area.The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:First,in the group combination processing technique,the scenic route planning is the first thing to be considered in the external space design.Shangkuo took the tour route as a comprehensive art of time and space,which was the sum of impressions of a series of spatial sequences(scenic spots)in the scenic area.In the planning of the tour path,according to the natural scenery characteristics,the scenic spots were concentrated along the tour route as much as possible.The landscape buildings were evenly distributed on the tour route according to service and viewing needs.The location of the landscape building was fully occupy the terrain topography that was conducive to the viewing point,selecting the characteristic spatial pattern;and the structure was organically combined with the terrain topography to achieve the harmonious unification of landscape building and nature.In addition,the relationship among the landscape buildings were mainly coordinated through the sight relationship,the physical space connection and the unification of the architectural style.What’s more,in the open external space treatment of landscape building,Shang Kuo extended the cantilever,staircase,Stepping Stone and other structures of the building itself into nature,forming a cross between the building and the external space;outside the closed form of the landscape architecture.In the closed external space processing,Shang Kuo achieved the penetration and hierarchy among the spaces through the comparison of the size in the spatial sequence,the subdivision of the space,the layout of the garden,and the treatment of the walls.Secondly,in terms of external body shape processing techniques,Shang Kuo believed that the external body shape of the building was a reflection of the internal space.The architectural form was based on the external form of the internal space combination,and then the shape was processed through the overall or partial composition combination,focusing on the overall "feel".In the volume combination and facade treatment of the building,the law of formal beauty was followed,from the main to the subtle,organic combination,stability and balance,proportion and scale,virtual and real,convex and concave,wall and window organization,color and texture,decoration.Processing with details and other aspects made the internal space of the building and its external shape reached the final shape in the process of mutual adjustment.Thirdly,in terms of internal space processing techniques,Shang Kuo’s landscape buildings were organized in the layout of the internal space in the form of "left and right arrangement","in-line" and "cross".In the layout of a single space,usually the outline was divided the space and emphasize the sense of space through the coordinated arrangement of structural columns,paving and ceilings.The landscape buildings were usually open on all four sides,and the local space was also selected through cantilever or incorporate external natural elements(natural materials such as plants,rocks,caves,etc.)into the interior space to achieve mutual penetration between the two.In summary,this thesis confirms the key design idea of Shang Kuo,which is “Architectural Space Combination Principle” based on the idea of “composition”.This is the design principle and methods of the academic “Beaux-Arts” system influenced by the modernism architectural language.In fact,this creative idea affected a group of third-generation Chinese architects at that time.While because of the special political environment and the rich life experience,Shang Kuo became a minority who could be guided by this design idea and designed lots of architectural creations at that time.Therefore,the Guilin landscape buildings designed by Shang kuo at that time was an important supplement to the lack of the entire modern Chinese architecture in the 1970 s.Shang kuo’s design ideas not only filled the theoretical ideas of Ling Nan’s modern landscape,It has also promoted the subsequent wave of learning from residential buildings in scenic areas.Besides,it has brought broadened horizons of the inheritance and innovation of traditional culture in architecture.Lastly,in the development of the entire construction industry,it has played an important role in inheriting the past and aspiring the future designers.