| With the development of aviation technology,the cockpit system is becoming more and more complex,and the cognitive characteristics in flight task are becoming more and more prominent.In this context,researchers put forward the concept of situation awareness to represent the pilot’s ability of information processing and decision-making in a dynamic environment.The analysis of aviation accidents shows that the lack of situation awareness leads to 81% of aviation human accidents.Obviously,pilots’ maintaining good situation awareness is an important prerequisite for making decisions and ensuring flight safety.However,the processing of irrelevant auditory information and complex auditory tasks will have a negative impact on pilots’ visual cognitive processing,and then damage situation awareness and pose a threat to flight safety.The investigation report shows that among the flight safety accidents caused by distraction,the proportion of accidents caused by auditory distraction alone reaches 25%.Previous studies mostly discussed the processing mechanism of situation awareness based on the stage of attention perception,and rarely involved higher-level cognitive processing.At present,researchers’ perspective about the relationship between working memory and situation awareness are still controversial,and the interaction mechanism of individual experience on this process is not clear.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to integrate external characteristics and individual differences,and deeply investigate the influence mechanism of working memory on situation awareness and the changes of eye movement patterns in auditory distraction.Three experiments were carried out in this study.In Experiment 1,42 college students(aged 23.02 ± 2.72 years)were tested with 3(auditory distraction load: high load vs low load vs no load)× 2(coping manner: detection response vs discrimination response)mixed design.The within-subject variable is coping manner,the betweensubject variable is auditory distraction load,and the dependent variable is situation awareness score.The effects of auditory distraction load and manner style on situation awareness are discussed through behavioral indicators.In Experiment 2,55 college students(aged 21.90 ± 3.05 years)were tested,using 3(auditory distraction load: high load vs low load vs no load)× 2(working memory capacity: high working memory capacity vs low working memory capacity)mixed design.The within-subject variableIVis auditory interference load,the between-subject variable is working memory capacity,and the dependent variable is situation awareness score,total dwell time and fixation counts in task related areas of interest.The effects of auditory distraction load and working memory on situation awareness are further discussed through behavioral and eye movement indicators.In Experiment 3,28 college students(aged 24.04 ± 1.97 years)were tested and trained with 3(auditory distraction type: short-term memory distraction vs working memory distraction vs no distraction)× 2(training duration: high training duration vs low training duration)mixed design.The within-subject variable is the type of auditory distraction,the between-subject variable is the training duration,and the dependent variable is the accuracy of situation awareness measurement questions,the total dwell time and average fixation rate of task related areas of interest are used to further explore the impact of working memory and expertise training on situation awareness and its levels under distraction conditions through behavior and eye movement indicators.The results showed that:(1)the main effect of auditory distraction load on situation awareness is significant,and the situation awareness of subjects under high load is significantly lower than that under low load and no load;(2)The main effect of working memory capacity on situation awareness was significant.The situation awareness of subjects with high working memory capacity was significantly higher than that of subjects with low working memory capacity;(3)The interaction effect of working memory capacity and auditory distraction load on situation awareness is significant.Under the condition of high load,the situation awareness of subjects with high working memory capacity is significantly higher than that of subjects with low working memory capacity;(4)The main effect of auditory distraction type on situation awareness was significant.The situation awareness of subjects under working memory distraction was significantly lower than that under no distraction conditions;(5)The interaction effect of auditory distraction type and training duration on situation awareness is significant.Under the condition of working memory distraction,the situation awareness of high training duration subjects is significantly higher than that of low training duration subjects;(6)Under the condition of working memory distraction,the situation awareness of high training duration subjects was significantly higher than that of low training duration subjects.Based on the above three experiments,this study draws the following conclusions:(1)Under the condition of discrimination response,auditory distraction impairs situation awareness.(2)The situation awareness of individuals with high working memory capacity is not affected by auditory distraction.(3)Under the condition of auditory distraction,working memory affects individual level 1 and level 3 situation awareness,but the influence on level 3 situational awareness depends on individual experience;high experienced individuals’ level 3 situation awareness is not affected by working memory.The above conclusions not only enrich and expand the three-level theory of situation awareness information processing and the cognitive load cross modal effects mechanism,but also provide scientific basis and technical reference for pilot psychological selection,training and safety management. |
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