Emission Characteristics And Health Risk Analysis Of Formaldehyde And VOCs Emitted From Indoor Cigarettes And E-Cigarettes

Environmental tobacco smoke is one of the more frequent sources of pollution that people are exposed to in their daily lives,and the formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds（VOCs）and other pollutants in their smoke can have serious effects on human health.Therefore,it is important to clarify the concentration levels and emission characteristics of formaldehyde and VOCs released from cigarettes and e-cigarettes to improve indoor air quality.Therefore,in this paper,six typical cigarettes（roasted,mixed and cigar type）and three e-cigarettes were used as research objects,and a smoking simulator was used as a vaping device for cigarettes and e-cigarettes in a clean environment chamber with a volume of 8 m³.The concentrations of benzene（benzene,toluene and xylene）and total volatile organic compounds（TVOC）in the smoke were analyzed by gas chromatograph（GC）.The emission rates and emission factors of formaldehyde,CO₂,benzene（benzene,toluene and xylene）and TVOC from cigarette combustion and vaping and e-cigarette vaping were determined by the equilibrium equation of indoor air quality,and their variability was analyzed.Also,the concentration levels of formaldehyde,benzene and TVOC emitted from cigarette combustion and vaping were predicted in the actual room according to the equilibrium equation,and their health risks were analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows:（1）The average concentrations and emission factors of formaldehyde,benzene（benzene,toluene and xylene）and TVOC released by the measured cigarettes under both combustion and vaping conditions were:combustion>vaping;the average concentrations and emission factors of CO₂released were:combustion<vaping.The average concentrations and emission factors of benzene released from cigarette burning and vaping are:xylene<benzene<toluene.（2）The average concentration and emission factor of formaldehyde emitted from e-cigarettes increased with the increase of e-smoking power;the average concentration and emission factor of formaldehyde emitted from e-cigarettes decreased with the increase of e-cigarette nicotine concentration.The average concentration of formaldehyde released from cigarettes increased with the increase of the time between puffs,and the average concentration of CO₂released from cigarettes decreased with the increase of the time between puffs.The average concentration of formaldehyde released from e-cigarettes decreased with the increase of vaping interval.（3）The average concentration of formaldehyde released from vaping cigarettes increased with the increase of the time between vaping,and the average concentration of CO₂released decreased with the increase of the time between vaping.The average concentration of formaldehyde released from vaping e-cigarettes decreased with the increase of the vaping interval.（4）The average concentration of formaldehyde released from vaping cigarettes decreases with the increase of vaping duration,and the average concentration of CO₂released from vaping cigarettes increases with the increase of vaping duration.The average concentration of formaldehyde released from vaping e-cigarettes increased with the increase of vaping duration.（5）The predicted pollutant concentration in the actual room shows that the peak concentration of benzene in the smoke released from burning one cigarette in a room with a volume of 30 m³and 0.5 air changes/h is 0.037 mg/m³,which is 1.23 times the limit concentration.The level of pollutant concentration in the actual room decreases with the increase in the number of air changes and the volume of the room,and the lower the peak concentration of pollutants,the shorter the time required to decay to the limit concentration after combustion（6）The carcinogenic risk values of formaldehyde and benzene in the smoke released from burning and smoking one cigarette in the actual room of 30 m³and the number of air changes were 0.5 times/h and 4 times/h,respectively,were greater than 10^-6,which means that formaldehyde and benzene exposed to the environment for a long time have a higher risk of nasopharyngeal and lymphatic cancers,respectively.The exposure concentration,carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of indoor pollutants decreased with the increase of the number of air changes.（7）Smokers are advised to choose a large,well-ventilated environment if necessary to smoke cigarettes indoors.For health reasons,it is recommended that smokers quit smoking to achieve true health.