| Wine is an alcoholic beverage with a long history and is recognized by more and more consumers.In recent years,China’s wine producing areas have developed rapidly,and many wine industry alliances,regional brands and standardized production requirements have been established.The wine producing area in the Helan Mountains east region has sufficient light and large temperature difference between day and night.Grapes can accumulate higher sugar and flavor substances,making it possible to brew excellent wine.The production area took the lead in carrying out the grading evaluation of column-level wineries,and its products enjoy a certain international reputation and have high commercial value.Therefore,it is very important to explore the characteristics of wine producing areas in the Helan Mountains east region in Ningxia,but there is still a lack of specific detection indicators.As a parameter that is extremely sensitive to climate and geological changes,oxygen stable isotope can be used to characterize the characteristics of wine and realize the identification of wine adulteration.In this study,223 wines,20 irrigation water samples and 22 Marselan grape samples in the Helan Mountains east region in Ningxia were measured for oxygen stable isotope,and the fractionation characteristics of this index in grape,wine and irrigation water were analyzed.The influencing factors of oxygen stable isotope in wine were analyzed by collecting climate data for ten consecutive years(2013-2022),and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of wine in the Helan Mountains east region were visualized by using ArcGIS.By comparing the characteristics of oxygen stable isotopes in old and new world wines,the characteristics of wine producing areas in the Helan Mountains east region are shown,which provides data reference for the protection of geographical indications in this area.The main research contents and results are as follows:(1)The variation of δ18O(δ18O is the thousandth difference of the sample oxygen isotope ratio relative to the isotope ratio of the standard)in irrigation water-grapes-wine is as follows:18O in water underwent transpiration and photosynthesis in grapevine plants with significant positive.After anaerobic fermentation of δ18O,18O in grapes is fractionated.Finally,the δ18O value of wine was more negative than that of grapes,but still more positive than that of irrigation water.(2)The precipitation and temperature data of the Helan Mountains east region for ten consecutive years(2013-2022)were sorted out,and the altitude and latitude information of the sampling points were counted.Through correlation and bias correlation analysis,the influence of various factors on δ18O in wine was clarified:The oxygen stable isotope in the wine in the Helan Mountains east region was less affected by latitude.Cabernet-Matheran and Merlot varieties have highly significant differences in wineδ18O due to the time of harvesting.The factors influencing the δ18O of wines from the Helan Mountains east region are altitude,precipitation,and average temperature,in that order.The δ18O of wines in the sub-regions were formed under the combined action of various influencing factors.(3)The δ18O of wine,irrigation water and grapes from six sub-regions of the Helan Mountains east region(Hongsibu,Qingtongxia,Yongning,Xixia District,Helan,and Shizuishan)were determined by EQ-IRMS technology.The oxygen stable isotope ratios of irrigation water in the five sub-regions of the Helan Mountains east region were only significantly different between the two sub-regions of Qingtongxia and Yongning-Xixia District the δ18O difference of irrigation water in all sub-regions was no longer significant after the Qingtongxia sub-region is divided into two secondary production areas of Qingtongxia and Ganchengzi.There was no significant difference in the oxygen stable isotope ratios of the wines from the six sub-regions,and farther the distance between the sub-regions,the greater the difference in the oxygen stable isotope ratio of the wines.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of wine δ18O in the Helan Mountains east region were visualized by ArcGIS.From the perspective of spatial distribution,δ18O in wines from the Helan Mountains east region is more positive in the north than in the south,and shows a significant negative correlation with the altitude distribution of the appellation.From the time scale analysis,the maximum and minimum distribution of wine δ18O in the Helan Mountains east region will be different between years,but the overall distribution is consistent with the spatial distribution characteristics.(4)The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of δ18O in wines from the new world countries(the United States,Australia,South Africa,etc.)and the old world countries(France,Germany,Italy,etc.)were summarized,and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of δ18O in wines from the Helan Mountains east region in Ningxia were compared and analyzed. |
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