Population Structure Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Associated With Steamed Bread And Grapes In Ancient Silk Road

The opening of the ancient Silk Road(in China)deepened the ties between the regions along the Silk Road and made Saccharomyces cerevisiae in each region spread through population movement and trade transactions on the Silk Road,which provides convenient conditions for the collective evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Therefore,in this paper,Based on whole genome sequencing technology along the silk road(Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,Gansu,Shanxi,Shaanxi,Henan,Ningxia)Mantou(sourdough starters),glucose fermentation products(grapes,grape juice fermentation and moussa rice wine)in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis,population structure analysis.The genetic differences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different regions of the Silk Road were analyzed,the position of Saccharomyces cerevisiae along the Silk Road in the known lineages around the globe was discussed,and the population structure composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from different geographical sources along the Silk Road was revealed,which is aimed to lay a research foundation for exploring the collective evolution route of Saccharomyces cerevisiae along the Silk Road,establishing a resource bank of high-quality Saccharomyces cerevisiae and strengthening the development and utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The genetic diversity of steamed bread and grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different regions along the Silk Road was calculated on the basis of the whole genome consistent sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The result is as follows:The genetic diversity in southern Xinjiang was higher than that in other regions(π = 0.0050071,π =0.0047138).In the same isolation sources,the genetic diversity of grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae in southern Xinjiang,Henan,Shaanxi,and Shanxi was higher than the average value π = 2.70*10-3.The genetic diversity of Steamed bread-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae in southern Xinjiang,northern Xinjiang,and Gansu was higher than the average value π=3.10*10-3.For different isolation sources,the genetic diversity of grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae in southern Xinjiang,Shanxi,Shaanxi,and Henan was higher than that in steamed bread-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The genetic diversity of steamed bread-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae in northern Xinjiang and Gansu was higher than that in grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Phylogenetic tree and population structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae along the Silk Road were analyzed as follows:(1)Phylogenetic analysis of 266 steamed bread and grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae along the Silk Road and reference group and the Phylogenetic analysis results of 266 steamed bread and grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae were as follows:From a total of 266 strains of steamed bread and grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae along the Silk Road,it is shown that 3 branches were located in the mantou lineages,2 branches in the Wine lineages,2branches in the liquor and yellow rice wine-related lineages,2 branches in the mosaic lineages,2 branches in the wild type lineages and 1 branch in the dairy lineages.There are independent branches in Xinjiang,and the southern part of Xinjiang is distributed in one of all the lineages.The position of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in each region along the Silk Road in the known lineages was basically determined.Southern Xinjiang is more specific than other regions.(2)The results of phylogenetic analysis and population structure analysis of 266 steamed bread and grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae were as follows:In the phylogenetic analysis,5 large branches of steamed bread-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained,including 13 small branches,and Southern Xinjiang has the most branches,which are located in 9branches and have independent branches.Shanxi and Shaanxi have the least branches,with only 3 and 2branches,respectively.For grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae,7 large branches including 13 small branches were obtained.Southern Xinjiang has the most branches,which are located in 7 branches and have independent branches.Ningxia and Inner Mongolia contain have the least branches,which are 2,and1 respectively.In the analysis of Population structure,14 of 16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations related to steamed bread did not have the phenomenon of hybrid recombination,and the population structure without hybrid recombination in southern Xinjiang contained 9 species,which is the most in this region and all species had a unique population structure.Shaanxi and Shanxi contain 2 population structures without hybrid recombination,which is the least in this region.Among the 16 populations of grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae,there was no hybrid recombination in 10 populations,and southern Xinjiang has the most species(7)without hybrid recombination,all have a unique population structure.Mongolia and Ningxia have the least species without hybrid recombination(2,1 respectively).The hybrid recombination of steamed bread-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae was significantly less than that of grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Saccharomyces cerevisiae related to steamed bread and grape in southern Xinjiang is more specific than other areas of the Silk Road in genetic diversity analysis,phylogenetic analysis and population structure analysis.The regional differentiation of steamed bread and grape-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not obvious in all areas along the Silk Road.