| The red soil region in southern China is the second largest soil erosion region in China due to the heavy and concentrated precipitation,obvious topographic undulation and large slope,and many factors leading to serious soil erosion.By exploring the tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services at different scales and their driving factors,we can provide scientific evaluation for ecological construction in the red soil region of south China.Therefore,this paper takes Fujian,Guangdong and Jiangxi as the research area,selects 2000,2010 and 2020 as the research time,adopts 11 scales of administrative division,watershed division,soil and water conservation division and grid division,comprehensively uses multi-source data of land use,soil,meteorology,statistical yearbook and so on.Arc GIS software was used as the basic tool to establish a spatial database.The corresponding measurement module of In VEST model was used to estimate five ecosystem services including water production,soil conservation,carbon sequestration,food supply and habitat quality.Pearson correlation analysis was used to judge the tradeoff and synergy of ecosystem services.The hot spots of ecosystem services were obtained with the hot spot analysis tool,the ecosystem services were classified by principal component analysis,the ecosystem service clusters and demand zones were determined by spatial superposition method,and the scale response characteristics of ecosystem service tradeoffs were explored by Pearson correlation analysis.Finally,the drivers of ecosystem services and their tradeoffs are analyzed using the Geodetector tool.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The spatial and temporal differences of different ecosystem services in the typical red soil region of south China were obvious.From 2000 to 2020,the spatiotemporal difference of water yield in the study area was significant,and the difference of land use type was generally significant.The water yield varied from-69% to 82% with time,and differed from 26% to35% with land use type.The high value of water yield in space shifted significantly from south to north.The temporal and spatial differences of soil conservation in the study area were significant.The soil conservation varied from-79% to 313% with time,and from 12% to 45%with different land use types.The spatial transfer of soil conservation high value was not obvious.The temporal and spatial differences of carbon sequestration in the study area were not significant,while the differences of land use type were generally significant.The carbon sequestration varied from-11% to 8% with time,and from 7% to 40% with land use type,but the transfer of carbon sequestration was not obvious.The temporal difference between food supply and land use type was significant,but the spatial difference was not obvious.The food supply varied from 17% to 80% with time,and from 11% to 189% with land use type.The spatial high value transfer of food supply was not obvious.The temporal difference of habitat quality in the study area was significant,but the difference of land use type and space was not significant: the habitat quality varied from-51% to 1% with time,and the difference of habitat quality varied from 3% to 18% with land use type.The spatial transfer of habitat quality was not obvious.(2)There were obvious cold hot spots and principal component classification of ecosystem services in the typical red soil region of south China.The cold hot spots of ecosystem services of water production and soil conservation in the study area showed significant changes over time,while the other ecosystem services showed no significant differences over time,but the cold hot spots changed.The results of principal component analysis showed that the first three principal components could well explain the ecosystem service capacity of the study area,including the first principal component: support services(habitat quality,carbon sequestration,soil conservation),the second principal component:regulation services(water production),and the third principal component: supply services(food supply).(3)The tradeoffs and synergies among ecosystem services in the typical red soil region of south China have temporal and spatial differences and flow direction changes.The tradeoffs and synergies between each two ecosystem services increased or decreased with time from 2000 to 2020.The tradeoffs included water yield and carbon sequestration,water yield and habitat quality,and the synergies included water yield and food supply,soil conservation and carbon sequestration.From 2000 to 2020,the spatial variation of tradeoff and synergy relationship is different.For example,Fuzhou and other regions show synergy relationship,while Jiujiang and other regions show tradeoff relationship.Cities in the study area mainly focus on synergy in 2000 and tradeoff in 2010,and the tradeoff area and synergy area are almost equal in 2020.During the period from 2000 to 2020,most of the original relationship remained,while the rest of the relationship changed to different relationship,and the relationship between two ecosystem services was still dominated by trade off.(4)There were obvious spatial differences in the comprehensive regionalization of ecosystem services in the typical red soil region of south China.In the study area,there are a large number of unmatched single or multiple tradeoff synergistic regions,in which single or dual key governance areas are the majority,mainly distributed in the north and west of the study area,which is easy to be planned and managed.The distribution of the three,four and even five key comprehensive governance areas in the study area is scattered,mainly distributed in the middle,southeast and southwest of the study area.Planning and governance is difficult,requiring the government,relevant departments,society and local reach ecological and economic double consultation,to achieve hierarchical governance.(5)The tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services were different at different scales in typical red soil regions of south China.There were differences in ecosystem service relationships at different administrative,watershed,soil and water conservation divisions and grid scales,and the order of the exact values was: 10 km scale > 20 km scale > County scale >50 km scale > 100 km scale > Municipal scale > Tertiary watershed > Scale of tertiary water conservation regionalization > Secondary watershed scale > Scale of secondary water conservation zoning > Provincial scale.With the decrease of scale,most regions have the change of strong or weak tradeoff relationship or high or low synergistic relationship.A small part of the administrative scale with the reduction of balance and synergy changes,which is directly related to the number of samples.(6)Among the driving factors of ecosystem service tradeoffs and synergies in the typical red soil region of southern China,annual average precipitation,elevation,sown area of crops and urbanization level were the main influencing factors.Among the driving factors of ecosystem services,water yield was mainly affected by elevation,annual precipitation and per capita GDP.Highway density,output value of primary industry and sown area of crops mainly affect soil conservation.Highway density,average annual temperature and output value of primary industry mainly affect carbon sequestration.The density of roads,the output value of primary industry and the level of urbanization mainly affect the food supply.Highway density,average annual temperature and urbanization level mainly affect habitat quality.To sum up,this paper compared and discussed the changes of multi-scale and multi-ecosystem service types in the typical red soil region of southern China,providing scientific basis for the planning and management of ecosystem services in the red soil region of southern China. |
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