Study On Preparation Of Waste Mushroom Rod Biochar-base Fertilizer And Effect Of Soil Improvement

This experiment was carried out in order to realize the efficient utilization of waste bacterial stick biological resources,reduce environmental pollution,improve agricultural production efficiency,and based on the good effect of biomass carbon base fertilizer on crop yield increase and quality improvement.We use biomass resource pyrolysis technology to prepare waste,systematically studied the physicochemical and nutrient characteristics of biomass charcoal under different preparation conditions.Based on this,we prepared the biochar-base fertilizer for lettuce and soil improvement.Through field trials,the effects of different biochar-based fertilizers on the growth of lettuce demand and the effect of soil fertility improvement were discussed,and the mechanism of the biochar-base fertilizer promoting the growth of lettuce was discussed from the perspective of soil chemistry and microbiology.The results of this study are expected to provide a new way for the effective recycling of waste mushroom stick resources.The main research results of the paper are:（1）H.marmoreus biochar,P.geesteranus biochar,and T.fuciformis biochar are all alkaline.Their p H and ash content are significantly improved with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature.The p H and ash content are shown as P.geesteranus biochar>H.marmoreus biochar>T.fuciformis biochar.And the value of the p H and ash content increases with the prolongation of the pyrolysis time at the same temperature.At400～500℃,the p H value and ash content have significant differences in different pyrolysis time.But when the temperature increases to 600℃or700℃,the difference is not significant.The yield variation of was biochar was opposite to that of p H and ash content:it decreases significantly with the increase of pyrolysis temperature,but at the same temperature,the pyrolysis time has no significant effect on the yield.Different pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time have significantly different effects on the carbon content of biochar and the contents of total C,P,and K of biochar increase significantly with the pyrolysis temperature.The content of total N decreases with the temperature of pyrolysis.The content of total C,K and N of T.fuciformis biochar was the highest under each temperature.At400～500℃,the pyrolysis time had no significant effect on the total C,P and N of the waste mushroom rod.When the temperature rose to 600 or700℃,the difference was significant.The pyrolysis time at each temperature has no significant effect on the waste mushroom rod biochar.（2）The pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time have a significant effect on the structural characteristics of H.marmoreus biochar,P.geesteranus biochar,and T.fuciformis biochar.With the increase of the pyrolysis temperature and the prolongation of the pyrolysis time,C=O,CN,COC in cellulose,and the relative content of-CH₃ and-CH₂ groups in aliphatic hydrocarbons in the three types of waste mushroom rod biochar protein are reduced;the relative content of C-H functional groups in the benzene ring is reduced.The relative content of C-C functional groups is increased,and the maximum was reached at 700℃and pyrolysis for 3hours.At 700℃and 3 hours of pyrolysis,the relative content of aromatic rings C-C and C-H in the three waste biomass biochars was the highest.With the basic decomposition of organic materials such as proteins,polysaccharides and fatty acids,the formation of aromatic structure of biomass carbon is more favorable.With the enrichment of surface inorganic compounds,the degree of aromatization is higher and the chemical stability is better.Therefore,700℃and pyrolysis for 3h is the best condition for the preparation of highly stable mushroom rod.（3）The addition of T fuciformis biochar-based fertilizer significantly increased soil p H and soil nutrient content,and the magnitude of the increase was related to the amount of biochar-based fertilizer application.The addition of 750kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizer significantly increased soil p H 0.55 units,the organic matter content increased by 52.69%compared with the control.When the application rate was 1500 kg hm^-2,the content of soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and available potassium were significantly increased,which were respectively increased by 57.24%,192.71%and 20.69%compared with the control.Also,the addition of chemical fertilizer increased soil p H and soil nutrient content,but did not reach a significant level.In addition,the addition of T fuciformis biochar-based fertilizer also affected soil enzyme activity.The addition of750 and 1500 kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizer significantly improved soil urease activity and acid phosphatase activity,respectively increased by13.98%and 46.54%,20%and 82.94%compared with the control,and the enzyme activity improved significantly with the increase of the amount of biochar-based fertilizer.The activity of invertase was also increased,but it did not reach a significant level,and there was no significant difference between the treatments of different amounts of biochar-based fertilizer.The application of chemical fertilizers significantly reduced soil urease activity and acid phosphatase activity,which were 8.91%and 12.08%lower than those of the control,respectively.（4）On the 20th,40th,and 60th days of lettuce growth,the bacterial diversity and richness of the soil with different fertilization treatments showed significant differences.Compared with the non-fertilization treatment and the chemical fertilizer treatment,the addition of T fuciformis biochar-based fertilizer significantly improved the bacterial diversity and richness of soil.Among them,when the application rate of biochar-based fertilizer was 750 kg hm^-2,the bacterial diversity and richness of the soil increased most obviously.The results of principal component analysis（PCA）showed different treatments had no significant effect on the soil bacterial community structure at 20th and 40th days.On the 60th day,the application of chemical fertilizers 350 kg hm^-2 or 750 kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizers have no significantly effect on the soil bacterial community structure.But the application of 1500 kg hm^-2biochar-based fertilizer has a significant effect.The effect of chemical properties on the bacterial community structure was analyzed by RDA.The results showed that on the 20th,40th,and 60th days,Soil ammonium nitrogen is a key factor affecting the changes of bacterial community structure.In addition,the dominant phylums of lettuce soil on the 20th,40th,and 60th days were:Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi,Gemmatimonadetes,Acidobacteria,Bacteroides.The relative abundance of dominant bacteria in each treatment changes with the increase of days.Comparing the community composition of different treatments in the same period,it was found that the treatment of T fuciformis biochar-based fertilizer improved the relative abundance of Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Bacteroides.But the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria bacteria,and it decreased with the increase of biochar-based fertilizer application.At the genus level,the addition of biochar-based fertilizer increased the Gemmatimonas,Sphingomons,Actinoplane,Bacillus,but reduce the relative abundance of Mizugakiibacter,Acidothermus,Bryobacter,Jatrophihabitans.（5）T fuciformis biochar-based fertilizer significantly affects the distribution of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in various parts of the plant.The addition of biochar-based fertilizer increases the total nitrogen content in lettuce roots and leaves,and increases with the application rate.But reduced the total nitrogen content in the stem,and 350 kg hm^-2 and 750 kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizer treatment have significant difference with control level.The addition of biochar-based fertilizer significantly increased the total phosphorus content in lettuce roots and leaves,but the stem total phosphorus content has no significant effect.At the same time,it also increased the total potassium content in lettuce roots and leaves,of which 750 kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizer treatment had the highest total potassium content.Different amounts of T fuciformis biochar-based fertilizer treatment had different effects on lettuce quality.Compared with the control,350 kg hm^-2 and 750kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizer treatments can significantly increase the content of Vc in lettuce leaves and stems,as well as 14 amino acids such as aspartic acid,threonine,and serine in the stem.And significantly reduce the nitrate content in the leaves and stems.The 750 kg hm^-2 biochar-based fertilizer increased the nitrate content in lettuce leaves and stems,and reduced the Vc content in the leaves and stems,but did not reach a significant level.It also reduced 15 amino acids except serine Content,wherein the aspartic acid,alanine,valerian,methionine,leucine,tyrosine,histidine,proline content was significant.