A Study On The Evolution Of The Layout Of Ancient Ground Buddhist Temples In The Southern Margin Of The Tarim Basin

This article uses the layout and evolution of Buddhist temples as a starting point to conduct archeological research on Buddhist temples on the southern margin of the Tarim Basin.First,according to the composition of the Buddhist temple buildings,the Buddhist temples are divided into two types:single buildings and composite buildings.According to the different plane shapes of the single buildings,the different layout methods of this type of Buddhist temples are analyzed.The composite buildings are first divided into Buddhas.There are three types of towers as main,tower halls with equal emphasis,and Buddha halls as main categories,and their layout forms are summarized respectively.Secondly,according to the records in the Buddhist scriptures,judge the nature of the Buddhist temple building,thereby dividing the worship area and living area of the Buddhist temple,and then observe the positional relationship between the two areas.It is believed that the buildings in the worship area are mostly located in the east and north of the Buddhist temple,while the buildings in the living area are mostly located in the west and south,but there are very few exceptions.Third,the age of the Buddhist temple is judged based on the architectural form,unearthed coins,and documents.According to the different objects of the Buddhist temple,it is divided into three stages.It is believed that the objects of the Buddhist temple changed in the 4th to 5th centuries.This transformation was completed in the 5th century AD,at least a century earlier than the Central Plains region.Next,the layout characteristics of each stage are analyzed,and it is believed that the single building and composite building run through the development of the layout of the Buddhist temple.With the development of time,the composite building gradually dominates.In terms of the layout of Buddhist temples,in single buildings,the plane shape of the pagoda has developed from a circle to a square to a polygon.Among the complex buildings,the front tower and the back hall,the walled tower courtyard outside the tower,and the small chapel surrounding the tower only appeared in the first two stages,and the square image hall appeared in the third stage,while the Hui-shaped Buddhist temple architecture is widely exists in various stages of single building and composite building,which is the mainstream form of Buddhist temple architecture in this area.In terms of geographical distribution,the first two stages are distributed in Khotan,Shanshan,and Shule.The third stage is mainly in Khotan.The Shule area is very small and the Shanshan area is not seen.It is related to the destruction of the country by Shanshan and the decline of Shule Buddhism.Finally,combining Buddhist classics,historical documents and reference to foreign Buddhist temple building materials,a preliminary discussion is made on the factors affecting the layout and evolution of Buddhist temples on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin.It is believed that the envirnmental factor,the provisions of Buddhist scriptures and the layout of Buddhist temples in India and Central Asia have an impact on the layout of Buddhist temples.The development of Buddhism and the development of Buddhist teachings are the reasons that affect the evolution of the layout of Buddhist temples.Through horizontal comparison,it is believed that the Buddhist temples on the north and south edges of the Tarim Basin are connected and different.The two should develop independently of each other and continue to communicate.The layout of the front pagoda and back hall of the Buddhist temples on the southern margin of the Tarim Basin has a profound impact on the Central Plains.The main axis-symmetrical factor of the Buddhist temples in the Central Plains does not appear in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin,but is found in the northern margin.This may be related to the preservation of materials.