The Effects Of Task Difficulty And Self-contribution On Fairness Consideration Among Physical Education College Students

Fairness is a basic code of conduct followed by human beings and an important moral quality for the proper functioning of society.The field of port,as an important microcosm of social life,also needs to be given a fair order.The study of fair and equitable behavior in sport can not only help us to expand and enrich the existing theories of fairness in sport,but also help to explain and solve various complex problems in the field of sport.Just as the Olympic spirit advocates "mutual understanding,friendship and solidarity,and fair play",so too are the values of the sporting profession,and the concrete embodiment of the Chinese sporting spirit in the new era,all of which recognize the importance of fairness and equity in the field of sport.The study of fairness in sport has therefore always been a central concern for researchers.Both ordinary people and sports stars have fair expectations of others and want to be fairly rewarded for their cooperation with others,desiring to be seen as fair and decent members of society.Conversely,when they are treated unfairly,people are willing to pay a certain amount of material benefits to punish the unfair distributor.Previous research has shown that people’s considerations of fairness depend not only on the weighing and comparing of gains for self and others,but are also influenced by a number of situational factors.For example,group identity,social distance,individual intentions,and so on.Among these contextual factors,we pay particular attention to self-contribution and task difficulty,which have been shown in previous studies to play a role in perceptions of fairness,respectively.However,in real life,both factors are often present at the same time,and considering the role of self-contribution alone,while ignoring task difficulty,can complicate the situation and make it unfair.Furthermore,little research has investigated what role these different factors play when they are manipulated simultaneously?and whether perceptions of fairness and associated decisionmaking behavior are affected?And what changes in the corresponding neurophysiological characteristics occur?The answers to these questions form the research component of this study.In previous research on equity in sport,researchers have typically used sport interventions and questionnaires to explore the performance of fairness behaviors in sport.This study,however,borrows from the classic ultimatum game paradigm in experimental economics across fields and disciplines to investigate the effects of self-contribution and task difficulty on fairness considerations among sport students.In the classic ultimatum game paradigm,there are usually two players,one playing the role of the proposer and the other the role of the receiver.If the participant chooses to accept the proposal,the money will be divided between the parties in accordance with the proposal.If the participant chooses to reject the offer,both players will receive nothing and gain nothing in this round of the game.In the present study,in order to explore both variables of our study and to use them in conjunction with the event-related potential technique in subsequent studies,the present study futher modified the ultimatum game based on an adaptation of Guo et al.（2014）and combined it with the event-related potential measure to further explore the extent to which task difficulty and self-contribution mediate fairness considerations and their potential neuro physiological responses.In this study,we aimed to examine how self-contribution and task difficulty in cooperation modulate perceptions of fairness and related decision-making behaviors among sport undergraduates using an adapted version of the ultimatum game paradigm.To achieve these aims,we investigated the neurophysiological mechanisms of how task difficulty and self-contribution affect perceptions of fairness and related decision-making among sport students in a laboratory setting using event-related potentials（ERPs）.The experimental results show that self-contribution and task difficulty can influence sport college students’perception of fairness and related decision making.At the behavioral level,the acceptance rate of fair offers was higher than that of unfair offers.Furthermore,participants in the others’ contribution condition were more likely to reject unfair allocation offers compared to the self-contribution condition and the both-contribution condition.At the neural level,we found no significant differences in perceptions of unfair offers of allocation in the task-hard condition compared to the easy condition on the early time window,however,perceptions were faster in the task-hard condition than in the task-easy condition in the fair offer condition.In the late time window,we found that the unfair offer condition was more positive in the two-contributor condition than in the other-contributor condition.This study systematically explores how task difficulty and self-contribution moderate perceptions of fairness and related decision-making behaviors among sport students at both behavioral and neural levels.The results found that manipulating task difficulty and selfcontribution did have important effects on perceptions of fairness and related decision-making.The results provide new research paths and directions for studying perceptions of fairness and related decision-making behaviors,and provide a deeper understanding of related decision-making processes and influencing factors.