Construction And Application Of The Index Of Sense Of Gaining ——Analysis Based On Chinese General Social Survey Data

With the deepening of reform and opening up,how to respond to the question"what criteria should be used to evaluate the achievements in the process of comprehensively deepening reform in China"is an important theoretical and practical issue that needs to be studied urgently.Among the existing social indicators,the sense of gaining stands out because of its characteristics of taking into account both the local characteristics of China and the consistency of human needs.It is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the concept of"sense of gaining"in combination with the research achievements of international society,based on the reality of building a harmonious society and deepening the achievements of reform in China.The evaluation of the reform achievements requires us to distinguish and understand the sense of gaining from time and local.The explanation of social facts requires us to use the theoretical model of sense of gaining to reflect the characteristics of the current residents’sense of gaining.Therefore,it is urgent to strengthen the research on the theoretical structure and measurement framework of the concept of sense of gaining,which has been put forward as the evaluation criterion for the reform achievements,and the corresponding level of sense of gaining of Chinese residents also needs to be comprehensively presented.The research on the theoretical structure and measurement framework of the sense of gaining has made a lot of achievements,but there are still a series of problems that cannot be ignored.Firstly,the theoretical structure is simplified,which equates the theoretical structure of sense of gaining with the traditional theoretical structure of well-being and quality of life.Secondly,the selection of subjective and objective indexes of sense of gaining is biased,which leads to the lack of comprehensive comprehensiveness.The followed reaction caused by the existence of the above two problems is the one-sidedness of the research results.However,when considering both the sociological and psychological perspectives,putting individuals in an objective social environment to think about their sense of gaining at multiple levels and combining the dimensions of individual psychology with the dimensions of modern social development can enrich the concept of sense of gaining is helpful to clarify the theoretical structure of the sense of gaining,and then the sense of gaining can be better used to reflect the situation of Chinese residents’shared contribution and benefits.Based on the era of continuous deepening of reform and opening up in Chian and considering the inheritance and development of the sense of gaining theory to the theory of~2Supported by National Social Science Fund-Youth Project“Research on the Construction of National Index of Sense of Gain”（17CSH073）.well-being,this research considers both a sociological perspective and a psychological perspective,drawing on the interpretation path of social representations,exploring the theoretical structure and measurement framework of the sense of gaining through literature review,and testing the theoretical framework by using Chinese General Social Survey data to construct an index of sense of gaining.The findings can make up for the lack of research on the theory structure and measurement framework of sense of gaining.It can provide individuals with a more scientific basis and suggestions for assessing their sense of gaining.It can also provide theoretical support and practical guidance for social sciences to formulate livelihood policies and monitor the dynamic development of residents’sense of gain to improve its scientific attributes and effectiveness.Based on the analysis of the sense of gaining index constructed based on Chinese General Social Survey data,we conducted the descriptive analysis,independent-sample T-test,K-means cluster analysis,and then described the data for each province,city,and region.The present study has drawn the following findings.First,the sense of gaining includes perceived social development（economic level,political rights,entertainment,education and sports,social livelihood,and ecological protection）and perceived individual development（targets,abilities,satisfaction,connection,contentment）.It is a"Two-layer ten-dimensional"conceptual structure.Second,residents’sense of gaining varies among different gender,age,marital status,and political status.Third,Chinese residents can be divided into four categories based on their perceived social and individual development levels.They are the poor and disappointed group,the poor but contented group,the well-off but lost group,the affluent and satisfied group.