The Scientific And Technological Thoughts In "The Manuscript Of Economics And Philosophy In 1857-1858" And Their Contemporary Enlightenment

Marx ’ s scientific and technological thought was generated in the process of historical investigation of the capitalist mode of production.The discussion of this thought was not discussed in a systematic and specialized classical theory,but scattered in its related fields.Works(writings,manuscripts,notes,notes,paraphrases,letters,essays).More direct discussions on scientific and technological issues can be found in the "Manuscript of Economics and Philosophy in 1857-1858"(referred to as "Manuscript"),"Manuscript of Economics in 1861-1863" and the first volume of "Capital".The study of Marx’s scientific and technological thought should return to Marx and go deep into Marx’s dialectical consciousness and historical thinking.This is because the formation of Marx’s scientific and technological thought has its special background and is a characteristic product under a specific historical environment.The formation of Marx’s scientific and technological thought is inseparable from the Industrial Revolution in the mid-19 th century.At that time,science and technology,political changes,and economic development were intertwined and interacted with each other,which had become an inevitable trend in the context of large industries.Marx was keenly aware of this social phenomenon and foreseen the alienation of science and technology under capitalist production relations,which inspired Marx’s interest in in-depth exploration and thinking of science and technology,and formed a rich and unique system of science and technology thoughts."Manuscript" is a classic manuscript of Marx’s profound criticism of bourgeois political economy and capitalist system.In the writing,Marx takes the study of production relations as the main object of his political economics research,and conducts a detailed investigation and analysis of the natural science knowledge and the concrete application of science and technology in production in his own time.On the basis of dialectical materialism,a unique and rich scientific and technological viewpoint has been formed.From the perspective of his research,it can be found that Marx has analyzed and discussed science and technology in different degrees and dimensions from the three dimensions of productivity,capital and human development.Marx is not simply analyzing science and technology,but embedding science and technology in the analysis of capitalist production methods and production relations,and closely connecting science and technology with social development.In this regard,Marx’s scientific and technological thought is not empty,temporary,and without connotation,but exists beyond history,time and space,and foresight,and still has important enlightenment and value for the development of contemporary social science and technology.Around this topic area,the chapter structure of the thesis is conceived in seven parts,as follows:The first part: Introduction.Mainly give a preliminary introduction to the research of the topic,including the reason for the topic,a summary of the domestic and foreign research literature,academic value,practical significance and research methods.The second part: At first,it is proposed that the cognitive method to study the essence of Marx’s science and technology concept should be to return to the text and follow Marx’s narrative for self-consolidation.Secondly,it summarizes and analyzes the essence of Marx’s concept of science and technology,the purpose of which is to achieve a holistic understanding and overall grasp of science and technology under Marx’s perspective,so as to guide the laying of subsequent chapters.The third part: the inspection and examination of the scientific and technological knowledge and its function in the "Manuscript".Specifically,it is divided into two parts.First,the investigation of natural science knowledge focuses on the rational analysis of the application of anatomy,biology,physics,chemistry,and mathematics.2.The investigation of technology application and its role focuses on the four levels of mining,industry,agriculture,and transportation.The fourth part: the main theme of the article part one.From the perspective of productivity,the scientific and technological thoughts in the "Manuscript" are discussed in layers.This part is divided into three chapters.1.The theoretical core of productivity thought: science and technology;2.The three elements of the transformation of science and technology into direct productivity;3.Science,technology and productivity in the theory of three forms of society.The emphasis is on clarifying the inner relationship between the development of productive forces and the progress of science and technology in Marx’s thoughts on science and technology.Part Five: Part Two of the main theme of the article.It summarizes the scientific and technological thoughts in the "Manuscript" from the perspective of capital.It contains three aspects: 1.Fixed capital in the form of machines that serve capital appreciation;2.Technological choices in capital appreciation scenarios;3.Capital production Alienation of science and technology.The emphasis is on revealing the core of Marx’s scientific and technological thought: a critique of the alienation of science and technology and capitalist private ownership driven by capital.Part VI: The main theme of the article Part III.From the perspective of human development,the scientific and technological thoughts in the "Manuscript" are summarized and discussed.This part is divided into three chapters: 1.Science and technology and human subjectivity;2.Science and technology and free time;3.Science and technology and human.Free and comprehensive development.The emphasis is on exposing the subjective existence of man in the development of science and technology and the ultimate orientation of science and technology for realizing man’s free and comprehensive development.Part VII: Analysis of the enlightenment of the scientific and technological thoughts in the "Manuscript" to the development of contemporary science and technology.This part is divided into three chapters.First,use the scientific and technological ideas in the "Manuscript" to analyze the "intelligent age";second,the historical transcendence of contemporary scientific and technological development forms to the capitalization of science and technology;3.Enlightenment of technological development.Based on the above three parts of the discussion,from a realistic perspective to examine Marx’s scientific and technological thought in the "Manuscript",to explore its practical guiding value and theoretical significance.