| Population flow from underdeveloped areas with scarce resources to economically developed areas with superior resources has always been a common basic law of immigration.However,during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,a large number of people migrated to the mountainous areas and actively developed the mountainous areas,which was contrary to the common immigration law.This is the contradiction between the growing population and the limited land resources,and the floating population continued to try more possible survival.The result of the joint influence of space.Taking the mountainous area of northwestern Hubei at the junction of Sichuan,Shaanxi and Chu as an example,the dense environment of Ersai and Linqing in the valleys has attracted a large number of floating people to settle and develop from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.In the 12 th year of Chenghua,the government set up Yunyang Mansion and gradually established a complete military management system and cultural and educational system to form social control over this area.The Qing Dynasty inherited and developed on the original basis.Migration is not just a simple population flow,it is a cultural and economic exchange and integration between regions.With the initiative of immigrants and the support of the government,the scope of agricultural reclamation in the mountainous areas of northwest Hubei has been greatly improved,and large and small water conservancy irrigation projects have been gradually established.With the in-depth development of the mountainous areas and even the introduction of new crops such as potatoes,corn and sweet potatoes,agriculture and commerce in the mountainous areas have developed greatly.As the main body of transformation,immigrants themselves also form interactions with the region in the complex and varied relationship network and regional social changes,thereby expanding their own influence and completing the process of indigenousization.Based on the family tree and inscriptions collected by the author,combined with local chronicles and official literature and historical materials,this paper mainly discusses the development of clans in mountainous areas and the construction of local social order.Before discussing the development of clans,we first need to examine the process by which the floating population settled in the Yunyang area.The period of rapid population growth in Yunyang area was concentrated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and the middle and late Qing Dynasty.Refugees from Shanxi,Shanxi,Jiangxi,Henan and other provinces were affected by natural disasters,social unrest and other factors to make a living here.Cultivation of land is the primary way of making a living for immigrants,and there are other supplementary ways of livelihood,such as doing business and doing domestic help.The construction of clans after settling down is a way of self-management of immigrants.The development of clans in the mountainous areas of northwest Hubei is different from those in the plains,reflecting the characteristics of a mixture of north and south.Tomb sacrifices have always played an important role in the construction of clans,and the construction of genealogy and ancestral halls is different from the southern clan model.Not only did it start late,and it was mostly concentrated in the middle and late Qing Dynasty,but also the content of genealogy and the regulation of ancestral halls were relatively simple.This is mainly because the scale of the clan’s settlement is relatively small,and it is difficult for the various tribes to be scattered in various places to form a noble family living in a cluster.The maintenance of social order depends not only on the clan’s family laws and regulations,but also on the control of the state’s grass-roots administrative means.This article takes the Inspection Division as an entry point,and looks at the internal conflicts in the immigrant society through the evolution and functional changes of the Inspection Division.how to regulate and manage the dynasty. |
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