Study On The Property Rights Change Of Banner Land In Zhili Area In Qing Dynasty

As a special form of land possession in the Qing Dynasty,banner lands were mainly distributed in Zhili,Shengjing,and the Eight Banners Garrison of various provinces.Zhili occupies most of them.After the Qing army entered Central Plains,they carried out large-scale enclosures in the Jingji and allocated the occupied land to the Eight Banners soldiers for the purpose of defending the capital.Banner land transactions are different from private land transactions,and the Qing government strictly controls them.Therefore,the issue of the property rights of the banner land has always been with the Qing Dynasty.Enclosure of land in the early Qing Dynasty led to the transformation of civilian fields in the Jingji,and the ownership of the land was completely in the hands of the Qing government.However,the land brought by the people’s investment became the private property of the Eight Banners nobles,and the failure to pay taxes to the Qing government seriously affected the Qing government’s tax revenue in Zhili area.Although Qing government strictly restricted the delivery of property by the bannermen,with the emergence of the livelihood problems of the banner,the phenomenon of banner land sales couldn’t be stopped despite repeated prohibition.Transaction methods such as listing,long-term lease,and borrowing of the banner land appeared,and the property rights of the banner land continued to change.Especially with the emergence of banner leased land,the banner land appeared in the form of collective property rights.After the Opium War,because the Western powers continued to carve up China and the domestic peasant continued to revolt,the Qing government had no time to take care of the bannermen,and the banner’s livelihood was increasingly embarrassed.During the Xianfeng period,it was decided to open the banner to the people to deliver goods,and then it was banned.Until the 31st year of Guangxu,the Qing government officially allowed bannermen to banner land sale,legalized banner land sales,and finally realized private ownership of banner land.