Co-occurrence Mechanism And Driving Mechanism Of Ecosystem Service Bundles And Land Use

In high-intensity human activity areas,such as metropolises,rapid changes in land use,agricultural intensification,and population urbanization have resulted in profound and complex transformations in socio-economic ecosystems.Ecosystem service(ES)is the benefit that humans obtain directly or indirectly from ecosystems and their ecological processes.Ecosystem service bundle(ESB)is the combination of trade-offs/synergies relationships among ESs.The study of ESB is conducive to various aspects,such as determination of the variation characteristics of ES;identification of the mechanism of interdependence within ES;and driving mechanism of socioeconomic-ecological factors to ES to maintain the sustainable development of the region.Beijing and its surrounding areas,the important population gathering areas and economic growth poles in China,were selected as research areas.First,the distribution and trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem service in 2015 were analyzed,including the supply and demand of grain production(GP),annual water yield(WY),carbon sequestration(CS),soil conservation(ER),and scenery quality(SQ).On this basis,the ESBs were identified through K-means cluster analysis,and the ESs’ composition and spatial distribution of the ESBs were analyzed.And self-organizing feature maps were used to identify zonings.Subsequently,Geo Detector was used for detecting the factors affecting the ESBs’ distribution.Finally,the existing land management approaches related to ESs had been sorted out,and the land management suggestions in Beijing and its surrounding areas had been put forward according to local conditions.The results showed that:(1)the ecosystem service supply and demand were approximately balanced in most regions,and ecosystem service spatial distribution was bound by the Yanshan and Tai-hang Mountains.Among which,25 pairs were trade-offs,and 20 pairs were synergies.As far as the relationship between the supply and demand of single ES is concerned,the supply and demand of CS and ER were in a strong synergistic relationship.(2)Four ESBs were identified,including WY-SQ-Synergy-Supply bundle,ER-CS-Synergy-Supply bundle,GP-Supply bundle,and GP-CS-WY-Demand bundle.(3)The goodness of fit between service clusters and land use is0.77,showing a strong coupling relationship.The strong coupling relationship is the WY-SQSynergy-Supply bundle and alpine–paddy zoning,ER-CS-Synergy-Supply bundle and alpine–woodland zoning,and GP-Supply bundle and plain–paddy zoning.(4)The annual average temperature ambient and the altitude had the highest q value(0.3561 and 0.3502),indicating that they played a decisive role in the spatial pattern of the supply and demand bundles in Beijing and surrounding areas.(5)In the management and decision-making process,departmental communication should be strengthened,and policy simulations should be carried out,while attaching importance to the participation of stakeholders.In the strategy implementation process,it is necessary to base on the ES characteristics,ESB distribution and driving factor,and coupling relationship,so as to realize the divisional governance,prescribe the right medicine,and pay attention to cross-administrative boundary management.This study has shown that there is indeed a coupling relationship between ESB and land use,and the distribution of ESB is affected by the average annual temperature and altitude.Cooccurrence mechanism and driving mechanism of ESB and land use which have practical significance and value for the management of the supply and demand of complex and diverse ES,especially providing an important reference for cross-administrative boundary control and zoning governance.