Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Multi-scale Ecosystem Services And Their Interactions

Ecosystem services play an important role in the survival and development of human beings and the balance of ecosystem,so the research on ecosystem services can provide necessary scientific support for the management of ecosystem services.At present,most studies on the interaction of ecosystem services are focused on single scale,while the interaction of multi-scale ecosystem services is rarely considered.Therefore,this study explores the changes in the temporal and spatial patterns of net primary productivity,water yield,water retention,and soil conservation services in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2015 based on the landscape level,geographic division level,land use level,pixel scale,city scale,and watershed scale.Based on the correlation coefficient method to study the characteristics of the interaction between ecosystem services and express spatial heterogeneity.The main conclusions of this study were as follows:(1)From 2000 to 2015,the overall net primary productivity of Shaanxi Province mainly increased,with an increase of 13.04%.At the geographical division level,the multi-year average value of net primary productivity is south Shaanxi>Guanzhong>North Shaanxi;at the land use level,it is forest land>grassland>cultivated land.From 2000 to 2015,water yield services in Shaanxi Province showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The overall trend was to decrease,with a decrease of 4.11%.At the geographical division level,the multi-year average of water yield is represented by Southern Shaanxi>Guanzhong>Northern Shaanxi;at the land use level,it is represented by grassland>cultivated land>forest land.From 2000 to 2015,water retention services in Shaanxi Province showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The overall increase was dominated by an increase of 7.03%.At the geographical division level,the multi-year average value of water retention is southern Shaanxi>Northern Shaanxi>Guanzhong;at the land use level,it is grassland>forest land>cultivated land.From 2000 to 2015,the soil conservation service in Shaanxi Province showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.At the geographical division level,the multi-year average soil conservation performance is Southern Shaanxi>Northern Shaanxi>Guanzhong;at the land use level,it is forest land>grassland>cultivated land.(2)From 2000 to 2015,there were strong synergistic relationships between net primary productivity and water yield,net primary productivity and water retention,and water yield and water retention on pixel scale.At the city scale,there is a strong synergistic relationship between net primary productivity and water yield.At the watershed scale,there were strong synergies between net primary productivity and water yield,net primary productivity and soil conservation,water yield and water retention,water yield and soil conservation.At the geographical level,there were synergistic relationships between net primary productivity and soil conservation,water yield and water retention,and trade-off relationships between water retention and soil conservation.There is a trade-off relationship between net primary productivity and water yield,and a synergistic relationship between net primary productivity and water yield,water yield and water retention in Guanzhong Area.The relationship between net primary productivity and water production is weak,and the other services are synergistic.At the level of land use,there were strong synergies between net primary productivity and water yield,net primary productivity and water retention,and water yield and water retention of forest land,grassland and cultivated land,while there were weak or moderate synergies among other ecosystem services.(3)From 2000 to 2015,the interactions between ecosystem service changes and their spatial distribution were different at different scales.At the pixel scale,the trade-off relationship between net primary productivity and soil conservation was dominant,accounting for 67% of the area,while the synergy relationship between soil conservation and water yield and water retention was dominant,accounting for 63% of the area.At the urban scale,there is a synergistic relationship between net primary productivity and water yield and water retention,which is mainly distributed in Yulin and guanzhong five cities in Guanzhong.There was a trade-off relationship between net primary productivity and soil conservation,which was mainly distributed in other cities except Hanzhong.There was a synergistic relationship between soil conservation and water yield and water retention,which was mainly distributed in Yan 'an and the three cities of southern Shaanxi.In watershed scale,net primary productivity and water rate,is given priority to with the collaborative relationship between changes of water retention,mainly distributed in bald tail,wuding river,wei river basin,such as the net primary productivity and to weigh the relationship between soil conservation changes is given priority to,mainly distributed in northern luohe,wuding river,wei river basin,such as soil conservation and water rate,is given priority to with the collaborative relationship between changes of water retention,mainly distributed in the northern luohe,Yan River,Han River and other basins.At the geographical level,there was a trade-off relationship between net primary productivity and soil conservation in northern Shaanxi,Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi.There is a synergistic relationship between water yield and water retention in northern shaanxi,Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi.At the level of land use,there was a synergistic relationship between net primary productivity and water yield and water retention,and between water yield and water retention in woodland,grassland and cultivated land.