| The research used three species of Vicia: V.amoena,V.cracca and V.pseudo-orobus were the test materials,their phenophase and habitat were investigated,scanning electron microscopy and planting pattern identification technology were used to identify the apparent structure and planting pattern of the leaves of the three Vicia species.Paraffin section method was used to systematically study the morphological structures and anatomical characteristics of the leaves,petioles,stems and roots.Studies further on the anatomical structure of the three species of Vicia and their ecological adaptability,evolutionary relationship and taxonomic significance would provide a theoretical basis for the resources protection of Vicia,artificial selection and garden applications.The results of the study were as follows:(1)The bud bursting stage and leaf development period of the three Vicia species were from March to May,the flowering stage was from June to September,the fruiting period was from July to October,and the deciduous period was from September to November.V.amoena had the longest leaf development and fruiting periods,and the bud bursting stages and deciduous periods were the shortest.V.amoena mostly grew under hillsides,shrubs and mixed woods.The flowering stages and deciduous periods of V.cracca were the longest,and its habitat was forest edge,under mixed woods,hillsides and shrubs.V.pseudo-orobus had the longest bud bursting stage,and the shortest flowering stages,leaf development and fruiting periods.V.pseudo-orobus was more common in forest edges,meadows and shrubs.(2)The three Vicia species of had bifacial leaves.The upper and lower epidermal cells were in one layer,and the outer walls of the upper and lower epidermal cells had cuticle.The depressed stomata of the upper epidermis and the prominent stomata of the lower epidermis were anomocytic type.The mesophyll parenchyma cells were rich in ergastic substance of the three Vicia species.The palisade tissue was one layer,while the spongy tissue was developed.The petioles of the three Vicia species included common petioles and petiolules,with epidermal hairs and ergastic substance.The petioles of the three Vicia species had only one vascular bundle.The common petiole had grooves.The vascular bundles were arranged in V-shape,and the leaves had drought-resistance,cold-resistance,salt-tolerance and shade-tolerance.The stomata of V.amoena leaves were mainly distributed in the epidermis.The ratio of stomata length and width was 4.09.The stomata index was 31.55 %.The radial walls of epidermal cells was shallow wavy and Cshaped.The ratio palisade tissue and spongy tissue was 1.17.The cell tense ratio and spongy ratio were 40.91 % and 34.81 %.The thickness of the petiole cuticle was 4.26 ± 0.48 ?m,and the diameter of the vessel was 20.48 ± 1.98 ?m.The stomata of V.cracca leaves were mainly distributed in the upper epidermis.The ratio of stomata length and width was 2.85.The stomata index was 38.34 %.The type of radial walls of upper epidermal cells was the same as that of V.amoena,with ratio palisade tissue and spongy tissue was 0.65.The cell tense ratio and spongy ratio were 23.26 % and 35.59 %.The thickness of the petiole cuticle was 3.28 ± 0.49 ?m,the diameter of the vessel was 17.52 ± 2.53 ?m,the shade-tolerance was the strongest,the drought resistance,cold resistance and salt tolerance was the weakest,and the leaves were more primitive.The stomata of V.pseudo-orobus leaves were mainly distributed in the epidermis,the ratio of stomata length and width was 4.37.The stomata index was 34.67 %.The radial walls of the epidermal cell was deep wavy and F-shaped.The ratio palisade tissue and spongy tissue was 1.38.The cell tense ratio and spongy ratio were 45.38 % and 32.86 %.The total petiole cuticle thickness was 4.93 ± 0.64 ?m.The vessel diameter was 22.51 ± 2.56 ?m,the drought resistance,cold resistance and salt tolerance was the strongest,the shade-tolerance was the weakest,and the leaf performance was more developed.(3)The primary structure of the stems of the three Vicia species was the epidermis,cortex and vascular cylinder from outside to inside.The epidermal cells were in one layer;the cortex included exodermis,cortex parenchyma and endodermis.The collenchyma was close to the exodermis;the vascular cylinder was composed of vascular bundles,pith and medullary rays.The vascular bundles were composed of primary xylem,primary phloem and parenchyma.Vascular bundles arranged in two rounds,there were composed of two outer vascular bundles and multiple inner vascular bundles.The type of vascular bundle was the open collateral bundle.The primary xylem was composed of vessels,tracheids,wood parenchyma and wood fibers.The stem development methods of the three Vicia species were endarch.Primary phloem included sieve tubes,companion cells,phloem parenchyma and phloem fibers;secondary structure was not obvious.The stems of three Vicia species were ribbed,the outer layer was cuticle and had epidermal hair.There were ergastic substances in the cell.The outer tough and infinite vascular bundles were numerous and relatively developed.It had the characteristics of drought and cold resistance.The types of the inner and outer vascular bundles of V.amoena stem of primary xylem vessels were spiral vessels and reticulate vessels,without medullary cavity.The types of the inner and outer ring vascular bundles of V.cracca stem of primary xylem vessels were spiral vessels with a medullary cavity.The drought and cold resistance were the weakest.The types of the inner and outer vascular bundles of V.pseudo-orobus stem of primary xylem vessels were spiral vessels and pitted vessels.There was no medullary cavity,and the drought and cold resistance were the strongest.(4)The primary structure of the roots of the three Vicia species was composed of epidermis,cortex and middle pillar.The epidermal cells were in one layer;cortex included exodermis,cortex parenchyma and endodermis;stele was composed of pericycle,primary xylem,primary phloem and parenchyma.The primary xylem was composed of vessels,tracheids,wood parenchyma and wood fibers.The stems of primary xylem of three Vicia species were ribbed,and the development methods were endarch.The primary phloem was composed of sieve tubes,companion cells,phloem fibers and phloem parenchyma cells,and its structure showed drought resistance characteristics.The number of cortex in the primary structure of V.amoena was six to nine layers,the type of primary xylem vessels were spiral vessels,the ratio of the central cylinder was 0.27,the type of secondary xylem vessels were spiral vessels and pitted vessels,and the thickness of the secondary phloem was 52.35 ± 2.56 ?m.The primary structure of V.cracca had seven to eleven layers of cortex,the type of the type of primary xylem vessels were ringed vessels,and the ratio of the central cylinder was 0.38,the type of secondary xylem vessels were ringed vessels and reticulate vessels,and the thickness of the secondary phloem was 43.12 ± 2.41 ?m,the drought resistance was the weak.There were five to eight layers of cortex in the primary structure of V.pseudo-orobus,the type of the type of primary xylem vessels were spiral vessels,and the ratio of the central cylinder was 0.29.The type of secondary xylem vessels were spiral vessels and pitted vessels.The thickness of the secondary phloem was 65.35 ± 1.22 ?m,which had the strongest drought resistance.In summary,the drought resistance,cold resistance and salt tolerance of the three Vicia species were ranked from strong to weak: V.pseudo-orobus > V.amoena > V.cracca,while shade-tolerance from strong to weak: V.cracca > V.amoena > V.pseudo-orobus.From the perspective of the anatomical structure characteristics of leaves and stems: V.pseudo-orobus was more developed,V.amoena was in the middle,and V.cracca was more primitive;while from the anatomical characteristics of roots: V.cracca was more developed,and V.pseudo-orobus was in the middle,V.amoena performance was more primitive. |
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