Diversity Of Amphibians And Reptiles In "One River And Two Tributaries" And The Surrounding Areas

The "One River and Two tributaries" area refers to a large area in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries Nianchu River and Lhasa River.It is the heartland of Tibet and an important food producing area.It is the political,economic,cultural and transportation center of the autonomous region.Is also a key construction area of the country.In the survey of the diversity of amphibia-reptilia in "one river and two tributaries" and its surrounding areas,the results of species richness and species diversity were obtained.At the same time,the transect method was carried out on three amphibians,Naorana parkeri,Scutiger boulengrei and Bufotes zamdaensis,and the numbers of these three species in the study area were obtained.The population survey and preliminary protection of the Tibetan hot spring snake,a snake species endemic to the Tibet Autonomous Region,have been carried out.The mitochondrial genome data of the four rock lizards of the genus Laudakia were analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed.At the same time,the daily activity rhythm of the rock lizard was investigated and its population size and age structure were preliminary analyzed.(1)Diversity analysis of amphibians and reptiles in the study areaInvestigations in the study area found six amphibians and twelve reptiles.And set up sample points to investigate the species distribution,and analyze the species diversity in the area.The results show that the species richness shows a decreasing trend with the elevation gradient.(2)Survey of population numbers of three amphibiansNaorana parkeri belongs to the Amphibian,Anura,Dicroglossinae and Nanorana.Naorana parkeri is widely distributed in the high-altitude waters of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,“one river and two tributaries”.Many sample points in the basin has their distribution.Scutiger boulengrei belongs to the Amphibian,Anura,Megophryidae and Scutiger genus,this species lives in the mountains or plateau small streams and ancient glaciers at an altitude of 3300 m-5100 m.Lakeside or spring rocky beaches are widely distributed in Qinghai,Gansu,Tibet,Sichuan and other places,and abroad are distributed in Nepal.Bufotes zamdaensis belong to the Amphibian,Anura,Bufonidae and Bufotes.China is only distributed in Diya Township,Zanda County,Ngari Prefecture.We use the transect method to investigate their population numbers at the study sites,and provide data for amphibian monitoring.(3)Investigation and protection of Xizang hot spring snake population numbers.Hot spring snakes,belonging to Serpentes,Colubridae,and Thermophis,are rare snakes distributed only in the Tibet Autonomous Region,distributed on the southern edge of the Qiangtang Plateau and the middle section of the Yalu Zangbo River Valley is the only snake species on the Qiangtang Plateau.Because its habitat is restricted to the surrounding area of hot springs,it is named "hot spring snake".This paper conducts a field investigation on the distribution of hot spring snakes located in "One River and Two tributaries" and its surrounding areas,using different survey methods(marker recapture method and direct counting method)to obtain basic data on the number of hot spring snake populations,and combine the data to analyze the changes in its population,and try to build artificial snake nests at a suitable sample site-Yangbajing,to protect the hot spring snakes.(4)Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of four rock lizardsThe genus Laudakia(Gray,1845)belongs to the family Squamata(Lacertilia)and the Iguana family(Agamidae).About 20 species of this genus are known,mostly distributed in the rocky areas of arid regions,starting from Greece and the Nile Delta in the west,passing through the Middle East and Central Asia to the northeast to the Gobi Altai,east to the Yarlung Zangbo River,7 species are known in China,mainly distributed in Tibet,Xinjiang and Gansu.Among them,the Laudakia sacra,L.wui,and L.papenfussi,are endemic to the Tibet Autonomous Region.The Lhasa rock lizard is mainly distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributary valleys,extending to Lazi in the west,Pai Town,Milin County,Dongda.L.wui are mainly distributed in Medog County,Nyingchi County's Pailong Township,Bomi County,and nearby places such as Tongmai and Yigong.L.papenfussi are distributed in Diya Township,Zanda County,Ngari Prefecture.The L.tuberculata is distributed in Jilonggou,Jilong County,Shigatse,and also in Nepal abroad.Therefore,we sequenced the complete mitochondrial sequence of L.wui,and then downloaded the mitochondrial sequence of the threes rock lizard from the NCBI.Download the complete sequence of mitochondria of 12 related species to construct a phylogenetic tree to explore the phylogenetic relationship of rock lizards in the study area.The results showed that the analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the rock lizard showed that the L.wui and the L.sacra are more closely related,and are sister groups,and the L.tuberculata and the L.papenfussi are more closely related,and are each other's sister groups.(5)Analysis of daily activity rhythm and population age structure of Lhasa rock lizard populationAnimal's daily activity rhythm and time management are closely related to the energy and metabolism required by the animal itself.Studying the animal's daily activity rhythm can reflect the animal's energy requirements and distribution,which is helpful to understand the physiological conditions,ecological niches and behavioral countermeasures taken by animals in different environments.These are extremely important for the protection of endangered animals.At present,there are few basic ecological studies on the population structure and living habits of the Lhasa rock lizard,and the data is lacking.This article conducted a three-day fieldwork experiment in Yeba Village in Dazi District around Lhasa City,aiming to investigate the daily activity rhythm and wild population numbers of the Lhasa rock lizard at that location,and combined with data analysis to study the population age structure in the region.Provide basic information and suggestions for the ecological and environmental protection of Lhasa rock lizard.The results showed that the Lhasa rock lizard started activity at 10 am,the peak period of activity was about 12:30 to 15:30,and the Lhasa rock lizard finished the day's activities at about 20 o'clock.Based on the empirical value that the highest observed number accounts for 10% of the wild population,it is estimated that the population numbers of Lhasa rock lizard in this habitat is 990.The population age structure of the Lhasa rock lizard in this habitat is a coneshaped,indicating that the Lhasa rock lizard population in this habitat is in a state of decline.This study supplemented the basic biological data of amphibians and reptiles in the "One River and Two tributaries" area,investigated the populations of three frogs,and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of the rock lizards in Tibet.The population and survival status of the Thermophis baileyi,a national first-class protected animal,were investigated,and protective measures were initially proposed.It provides basic data for subsequent research on amphibians and reptiles in the area.In the future,it is necessary to increase the protection of hot spring snakes,build artificial snake nests at suitable hot springs,expand the area of the surrounding static water wetlands,and protect hot spring snakes in situ.At the same time,preliminary explorations have been made on the activity patterns and age structure of rock lizard species in the Tibet Autonomous Region.In the future,it will be necessary to cover all distribution points in the Tibet Autonomous Region and conduct field visits in different seasons to obtain more accurate and comprehensive data.