| Foraging behavior is essential for the survival and reproduction of animals.All animals need food for energy to build,develop and maintain their bodies.The white-headed langur(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)is a rare and endangered primate wild animal in the karst.Compared with other primates,the white-headed langur is rare in number,has a narrow distribution range and a special habitat environment.In the long-term evolutionary process,the white-headed langur forms an effective foraging and activity strategy adapted to the environment of the karst.This study was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 and from May 2020 to August 2020 in Banli Area,Chongzuo,Guangxi,China.The data of foraging behavior cycles of G-ZWY and G-DS were collected by combining multimedia camera technology and focus sampling method.In addition,the foraging ecology of langurs in Chongzuo National Nature Reserve in Guangxi was further enriched by the preliminary study of feeding quantity during foraging behavior rounds.The main results are as follows:1.A total of 1372 videos were collected from two groups of white-headed langurs,and a total of 1559 episodes of foraging behavior and feeding of 51 species of plants(51 species,43 genera,28 families)were recorded.2.The average foraging amount of lactating adult females was 9.98±15.44 g,and that of non-lactating adult females was 7.10±9.99 g.The average duration of foraging behavior sessions was 118.98±113.14 s for lactating adult females,and 116.32±119.20 s for non-lactating adult females.The average foraging amount of adult males was 7.18±10.20 g.The average foraging behavior session of adult females was 117.34±117.50 s,and the average foraging behavior session duration of adult males was 133.80±139.73 s.The average foraging amount of lactating adult females was higher than that of non-lactating adult females.The foraging amount of lactating adult females was significantly different from that of non-lactating adult females,while the duration of foraging behavior round was not significantly different.The foraging amount of Suckling adult females was significantly different from that of adult males,while the foraging amount of non-suckling adult females was not significantly different from that of adult males.There was no significant difference in the duration of foraging rounds between male and female adults.3.There was no significant difference in foraging sites between male and female adults.(tender leaf: Z=-1.011,P=0.312;Mature leaves: Z=-0.624,P=0.532;Fruit: Z=-1.955,P=0.051;Flower: Z=-1.371,P=0.170).The average foraging amount of young leaf,mature leaf,flower and fruit foraging behavior of adult females was 7.07±10.54 g,14.99±16.84 g,4.99±2.89 g,6.64±7.44 g,respectively.The average foraging amount of each part of adult male feeding was 5.20± 6.25 g,15.41±16.44 g,6.61±2.66 g,3.63±4.89 g,respectively.There were differences in the duration of foraging for mature leaves between male and female adults(Z=-2.545,P=0.011),while there was no significant difference in the duration of foraging for other parts(Z=-0.778,P=0.437;Flower: Z=-1.105,P=0.269;Fruit: Z=-0.098,P=0.922).The average duration of foraging behavior turns in different parts of adult females were 113.4±97.00 s,113.5±98.97 s,58±39.96 s and 169.2±232.62 s,respectively.The average duration of foraging behavior turns in different parts of adult males were:117.9±88.64 s,195.5.5±190.20 s,38±15.67 s and 169.6±222.41 s.4.Adult females feed on four major plants,Broussonetia papyrifera,Sterculia monosperma,Pueraria lobata,and Cuscuta chinensis.The average foraging amount of foraging behavior round was 5.821±16.14 g,1.85±17.48 g,8.73±10.33 g,2.48±2.33 g,respectively,and the average duration of foraging behavior round was: 125.5±102.45 s,130.59±110.34 s,88±74.77 s and 154.5±119.70 s.The average foraging amount of adult males when feeding was 3.74±4.53 g,11.41±8.89 g,9.89±14.39 g and 1.67±1.54 g.The average duration of foraging behavior round was: 169.6±181.79 s,143.14±100.96 s,108.5±91.89 s and 74±58.60 s.There were differences in foraging scales between adult females and male foraging on duckweed(Sterculia monosperma: Z=-3.477,P=0.001),but no significant difference was shown in foraging amount for other plants.(Broussonetia papyrifera: Z=-0.636,P=0.525;Pueraria lobata: Z=-0.183,P=0.855;Cuscuta chinensis:Z=-0.961,P=0.337).The duration of foraging for other plants was not significantly different between adult females and males(Cuscuta chinensis: Z=-2.438,P=0.015).(Broussonetia papyrifera: Z=-1.053,P=0.293;Sterculia monosperma: Z=-0.776,P=0.438;Pueraria lobata: Z=-1.426,P=0.154).5.The number of foraging groups of 2,3,4,5,6,7 and 10 was 37.3%,33.8%,8.5%,6.8%,6.8%,5.1% and 1.7% of the total recorded,respectively.17 species of foraging plants were recorded.Among the foraging plants,2 species accounted for more than 20%of foraging.There was no correlation between foraging population size and foraging rate,the correlation coefficient r=0.429,P=0.337;There was a significant correlation between foraging population size and foraging time,the correlation coefficient r=0.893,P=0.007. |
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