Visual And Olfactory Behavior Response Of Butterfly Papilio Polytes And Evolution Analysis Of Pieridae Based On Wing Color

For analyze the recognition and selection rules of P.polytes' s visual and olfactory response during foraging and courtship,furthermore discuss the ecological significance,We through color-visit,odor-visit,color plus odor-visit,courtship and artificial models-visit experiments in natural population butterflies,to analyze the visual and olfactory weight factor of P.polytes in foraging and courtship.Under the condition of odorless 7-color artificial flowers,the P.polytes showed obvious color tendency to red,blue,and purple.After spraying honey on the artificial flowers,the number of female and male butterfly foraging was increased 3.16 times.In the colorless floral volatiles foraging experiment(?-caryophyllene,benzaldehyde),the number of butterfly foraging was small;after add odor to color,the number of female and male butterfly foraging increased by 60 to 120 times,it indicates that the attractant effect of color exceeds odor.However,compared with the single color and floral volatiles,the increase ratio was only 1?5%,indicating that the effect of scent on the collection of P.polytes was small.In the process of courtship,the visit to the plastic seal model was similar to that of the natural population in the type and proportion of courtship,indicating that the butterfly could use color and stripes to identify male and female.Therefore,P.polytes has developed a recognition mechanism based on visual in the process of long-term evolution,which can be used to identify colors,as well as markings and colors.It is generally believed that the evolution from moths to butterflies is a process of visual gradual accumulation.Moths mainly forage and mate by olfaction,while butterflies forage in colored flowers,and butterflies themselves are colorful.Vision may be closely related to butterfly evolution.We use the characteristics of butterflies to distinguish colors and patches to explore clues to the evolution of butterflies.Taking 31 butterflies of 16 genera of Pieridae,the traits of butterfly color,patch and UV pattern were analyzed.Based on these characteristics,the phylogenetic tree was constructed by Cladistics.We selected 9 color traits and established two phylogenetic trees,NJ and UPGMA.The results all support the phylogenetic relationship of Dismorphiinae +(Coliadinae + Pierinae),and the evolutionary order at the genus and species levels On the whole,it is similar to the molecular evolution tree of the predecessors,which shows that Pieridae is mainly color evolution in the evolution process.In Pieridae,red spots may have evolved from brown to brown-red to orange-yellow to orange-red to red.The evolutionary trend of butterfly visual proteins is consistent with wings color.UV light is also a kind of butterfly identification information.We also analyzed the relationship between the color types of the Pieridae and the ability of UV reflection and evolution.The general trend is that the increase in color types is positively related to the ability of UV reflection.The stronger the ability.We infered that the butterfly in Pieridae is dominated by the color evolution under natural light during the evolution process,and the evolution of the UV reflection ability could be anothter evolutionary clue.