| Ocean scatter propagation models for aircraft-to-satellite (aeronautical) and ship-to-satellite (maritime) communication applications are developed. These models incorporate the variability of the surface reflection coefficient and mobile antenna effects, the shadowing of primary scattering elements by the wave profile, and divergence and phase shift resulting from scattering from convex and concave surface elements. The propagation model is accurately validated against a known exact far-field theoretical solution for perfectly conducting sinusoidal surfaces. The simulated behaviour of aeronautical and maritime ocean scatter is characterized as a function of important physical variables such as surface roughness, antenna height, elevation angle to the satellite, and signal polarization. Simulation results are compared with available aeronautical and maritime measurement results. A detailed comparison of aeronautical and maritime channels for omni-directional antenna patterns is provided. An aeronautical stochastic analysis model, which reduces the computational complexity of establishing the first and second order statistics of the aeronautical channel by approximately two orders of magnitude, is also developed. A detailed validation of this stochastic model is presented. |
