The 'Ways of Horus' in the ancient Egyptian records and archaeology Volume I: The inscriptions. Volume II: The archaeolog

This thesis focuses on the Ways of Horus from a textual and archaeological perspective. The existing evidence for the Ways of Horus and each of its stations is discussed extensively. In addition, a report is given of SEA excavations at various sites on the Ways of Horus in North Sinai, as conducted by the author and others.;This new evidence allows the reinterpretation of many better facets of the existing debate onthis topic. It attempts to correlate the ancient Egyptian sources with archaeological fieldwork, in order to illustrate the importance and role of The Ways of Horus and subsequently the North Sinai in ancient Egyptian history.;The thesis consists of two volumes: the first volume discusses all the inscriptions relating to the Ways of Horus.;In Chapter 2, there is a discussion of the Ways of Horus as a land bridge enabling the passage of military expeditions and trade caravans between the Nile Delta and Asia.;In Chapter 3, ancient references to the "Ways of Horus" are discussed. In addition, an interpretation of the inscriptions of Seti I is presented; these reliefs constitute a major source, because they depict the fortresses, stations, and wells along the Ways of Horus.;Chapters 4 focuses on ancient references to all the eleven stations on the Ways of Horus, as well as the orthography and meaning of each name. Chapter 4 also reviews the scholarly debate regarding the identification of each of the stations.;Chapter 5 discusses the inscribed materials which have been found in various excavations at the stations of the Ways of Horus.;Chapter 6 provides miscellaneous texts from the North Sinai region, generally, rather than from any of the specific stations on the Ways of Horus.;Chapter 7 discusses the terminology of fortification relating to the Ways of Horus. The discussion is based on the Karnak reliefs of Seti I, and on Papyrus Anastasi I.;In Chapter 8, the various titles referred to in all the sources of the Ways of Horus are discussed.;The second volume deals with the archaeology of the Ways of Horus during the New Kingdom and the Saite Period.;Chapter 2 briefly presents the history of research and excavations on the Ways of Horus.;In Chapter 3, the excavations at Haboua I, Haboua II, Bir el-Abd, and Kharuba are discussed.;Chapter 4 focuses on the discoveries at el-Kedwa, which revealed a Saite fortress. This fortress may be identified as Migdol, the third station on the Ways of Horus.