| In this thesis, I show my Ph.D. work on event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations for relativistic heavy-ion collision. I show that event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations have become an indispensable tool for studying relativistic heavy-ion collisions and how it can be used to explain many phenomena.;In Chap. 2, I compare the previously dominating single-shot hydrodynamics with event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations which are now becoming mainstream. The event-by-event simulations are more realistic, but they are also very time consuming; the single-shot simulations are economical, but then the question arises as to whether they can be used as a sufficiently precise replacement for event-by-event simulations. I will compare these two simulation types for two popular initial condition models.;I show that for the event averages of the multiplicity and elliptic and triangular flows, the time consuming event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations can, to a good approximation, be replaced by single-shot ones, when using properly constructed initial conditions. For higher-order flows such as v4,5 the single-shot simulations are shown to be incapable of reproducing those from event-by-event simulations.;In Chap. 3, we show that the elliptic and triangular flow data measured by the ALICE collaboration at the LHC prefer a small specific shear viscosity close to eta/s = 0.08, when considering the MC-Glauber and MC-KLN models. In order to allow for a much larger eta/s value, the initial condition model must feature triangularity values ~ 50% larger than the ones provided by the MC-Glauber and MC-KLN models.;Chap. 4 focuses on correlations between event-plane angles. We show that the event-plane angle correlation measurements by the ATLAS collaboration can be explained by hydrodynamic simulations. The same correlation patterns cannot be explained directly from the initial conditions.;In Chap. 5, we show that including only ~ 20 out of 319 carefully chosen resonances can already yield spectra and flow results within 1% relative error. Such a treatment can be used to shorten the currently lengthy (~ 3 hours) resonance decay calculations by a factor of ten.;Chap. 6 focuses on various ways of calculating and measuring anisotropic flows, and their comparisons. We point out that the event planes angle Psi n fluctuates from event to event, and that the differential event-plane angle Psin(pT) -- Psin also fluctuates from event to event. We show that traces of such angular fluctuations can be measured experimentally, and explain how such measurements allow the study of the fluctuation of the flow orientations in addition to the fluctuation of the flow magnitudes. In.;Chap. 7 we give a thorough description of the general sampling methodology, and show that it can be applied in an efficient way to sample particles whose emission is determined by the Cooper-Frye formula, using the simplification of longitudinal boost invariance. |
