Behind the wheel: Navigating integrative conservation and development trade-offs and learning from the pas

The history of integrative conservation and development has been turbulent and some have argued that linking the two in practice is just not feasible. The need for conservation approaches that consider human well-being has been amply demonstrated, however. Further, some have argued the concept of linking conservation with human well-being remains valid if approaches build on lessons and experiences from the past. Working off that premise, this study aimed to examine integrative conservation and development in its current state to determine how it is being thought about and to what extent lessons have been absorbed in practice. By speaking with practitioners, this study characterized modern efforts given their historical context, identified key lessons that have emerged over time, and assessed the research-practice relationship within the integrative conservation and development context.