An Analysis Of Xinjiang Patrol Police System In The Late Qing Dynasty

In the late Qing dynasty,the Qing government implemented a number of new policies under the stress from domestic strife and foreign aggression,in order to become stronger and save its shaky regime.Establishing police administration was one of these new policies.Modern police administration were first established in Beijing,Zhili and Tianjin as pilot projects.Later,local governments across China began to establish their own police administration in succession.At the beginning,Xinjiang’s police administration only covered its provincial capital Dihua.With expansion and progress,its police administration covered more and more regions from cities and counties to towns and villages step by step.After more than 10 years of development,Xinjiang finally established a relatively complete top-down police system.With establishment of police organizations,Xinjiang also got started on corresponding police laws®ulations and police education,making its police system increasingly perfect in the late Qing dynasty.This paper aims to reproduce the establishment process of police system in the late Qing dynasty through exploring all aspects of Xinjiang’s police system,including its establishment process,types&functions of patrolmen,organizational structure,code of conduct&daily operating instructions,patrolmen appropriation and education;to make a summary of foregoing contents such as sources,appropriation and functions of patrolmen from a new perspective,based on different understandings of patrolman attributes;to illuminate universality of relevant problems in the Late Qing Reform;and finally to analyze the true purpose of establishing the police administration.Pointing out the fundamental reason for failure in police administration is the game of culture and power made patrolmen a tool and appendage of politics.The full text of this paper consists of six parts:Part One(Introduction):objectives and significance of the research subject,research mind map&methodology and research status were described.Part Two(Development History of Xinjiang’s Patrolman System in the Late Qing Dynasty):the establishment process of Xinjiang’s patrolman system was examined systemically;this process was phased;characteristics and problems in each phase were summarized;and Tulufa was taken as an example to explore establishment conditions of police systems in Dihua and other regions.Part Three(Detailed Analysis of Xinjiang’s Patrolman System in the Late Qing Dynasty):a very detailed analysis of nature,types,organizational structure,uniforms,etiquette,training&drills,daily schedule,rewards and punishments of Xinjiang’s patrolmen was completed.Part Four(Exploration of Appropriation for Xinjiang’s Patrolman System in the Late Qing Dynasty):sources and expenditures of Xinjiang’s Patrolmen’s funds were listed in a table for easy understanding.Part Five(Examination of Xinjiang’s Patrolman Education in the Late Qing Dynasty):the whole establishment process of Xinjiang’s patrolman education system was examined systematically.Some supplements were provided for Xinjiang’s two major patrolman education institutions:patrolman training institute and patrolman coaching institute,which previous researchers didn’t discuss in detail due to insufficient historical materials.In addition,great effort was made into distinguishing between Xinjiang’s three major patrolman education institutions.The archival data was used to explore patrolman education conditions in other regions such as Turpan aside from the provincial capital,which previous researchers didn’t mention.Meanwhile,practical problems in the implementation of patrolman education in Turpan were discussed in detail.Part Six(Conclusion):different understandings of patrolman attributes were analyzed.On this basis,the existence and changes of people’s hazy understandings of military police in the late Qing dynasty were discussed.Finally,reasons for this phenomenon and relevant problems were explored.