Research On The Residents' Perception Of Smog And Adaptation Behavior And Willingness To Pay In Xi'an

In recent years,China’s national economic growth rate and urbanization process have shown rapid growth.However,the air pollution problem that has plagued developed countries for more than 100 years has become the main problem of China’s economic,social,human,ecological and other development in the past decades.In China,the main air pollutants are mainly converted from the total suspended particulate matter(TSP),absorbable particulate matter(PM10)and polluting gas(SO2)to the inhalable fine particulate matter PM2.5,polluting gas(O3,SO2),and complex air pollution consisting of(NOx).Especially since the winter of 2013,frequent large-area,long-term,high-concentration haze incidents have attracted widespread attention at home and abroad.The characteristics and sources of pollutants in China’s haze and their interaction with public physical or mental health,lifestyle,urban economic development and social public opinion have not only become hot topics in public production and life.It has become the focus and difficulty of scientific research for scholars at home and abroad.Although domestic scholars have reached international standards in some areas of pollutant research in the past decades,there is still no complete scientific system in the study of public haze perception.Compared with research in developed countries such as the United States,there are still insufficient.In view of this,this study integrated representative research achievements at home and abroad,combined with the monitoring data and network popularity index,based on the residents survey and case interview,using descriptive statistics,nonparametric test,multiple linear regression method and Spline space analysis,analyzes the Xi ’an in August 2013～July 2018 spatial and temporal variations of pollutants,residents haze network awareness,the haze of perception,residents of adaptive behavior and its influencing factors.It is hoped to provide a reference for China’s management departments and enterprises to effectively control the emission of haze pollution.The following are the research results of this paper:(1)The pollutant index showed a downward trend and the air quality improved.From 2013 to 2018,the average concentration of AQI index,PM10,CO,SO2 and PM2.5 years in Xi’an City experienced a process of "falling,rising and falling",which showed a downward trend,falling by 18%,14%,36%,75%and 30%respectively,but still higher than the national secondary standard concentration limit;CO was lower than the national standard concentration limit of 4mg/m3.The days with good air quality in the study period accounted for 47.1%,70.1%,58.5%,47.1%and 48.2%of the total monitoring days,respectively.The days with mild pollution accounted for 29.0%,21.1%,25.8%,28.2%and 30.4%of the total monitoring days,respectively.The days with moderate pollution accounted for 9.6%,5.2%,10.2%,8.8%and 11.8%of the total monitoring days,respectively.The days with heavy pollution and above accounted for 14.3%,3.6%,5.5%,15.9%and 9.6%of the total monitoring days,respectively.Seasonally,the seasonal change of pollutant concentration is "U" type,and the seasonal change of pollutant concentration is obvious—high in winter and low in summer,and transitional stage in spring and autumn".Spatially,the five-year average values of AQI,PM2.5 and PM10 index are highest in Weiyang District and lowest in Chang’an District,where AQI shows the trend of "U" shape change from southwest to northeast;PM2.5 and PM10 increase from southwest to northeast,extending to Yanliang District;So2 increases gradually from southwest to northeast,from southeast to northwest,and becomes the trend of "N" shape change;No2 increases from northeast,southeast to middle.The heart tends to increase in aggregates.(2)The attention of residents in the haze network is on the rise.Before 2015～2016,residents’ haze network attention growth is relatively slow,and it increases rapidly after 2015～2016,showing a volatility increase.The monthly curve has a significant form of "single peak" and "peak flat valley",and the residents’attention to haze network is uneven,mainly concentrated in winter(From December to January).The network attention is consistent with the change trend of measured perception and pollutant monitoring data,indicating that the network attention index can more accurately express residents’ attention to haze.(3)Residents have a higher overall perception of haze,but still need further guidance.Residents’ perception of the improvement trend of air quality,the frequency of occurrence of haze and the perception of primary pollutants are consistent with the measured data showing air quality in recent five years,indicating that residents can perceive the change of haze more accurately.Residents have a higher and clearer understanding of the health,economic and life impact of haze.The allocation of health benefits of residents’ work units has relatively reduced the economic losses caused by haze.(4)The increase of residents’ health protection behaviors is affected by age,education level and other factors.The age of residents was positively correlated with the number of fruits and vegetables they ate and the frequency of washing their hands and clothes.Education level was positively correlated with the number of residents wearing masks,closing doors and Windows,going to hospital for medical treatment or physical examination,and negatively correlated with the number of going out and washing hands and clothes.The living time of residence was positively correlated with the number of times residents wore masks,washed their hands and clothes,used air purifiers and went to the hospital for physical examination.Family annual income,health evaluation and outdoor exposure time are positively correlated with the number of residents who wear masks,close doors and Windows,wash their hands and clothes,use air purifiers,go to the hospital for physical examination or medical treatment,and negatively correlated with the number of residents who go out.Women are more active in health protection than men.(5)Residents’ willingness to take action to reduce pollution is high,which is affected by residents’ perception and social attribute.Residents are highly motivated to reduce pollutant concentration.Habits of haze may affect the enthusiasm of health protection.Judgement the trend of local air quality improvement can effectively improve residents’ enthusiasm to participate in pollution reduction activities.Residents’ willingness to reduce pollution is positively correlated with their perception of haze influence.The increase of AQI and PM2.5 concentration will reduce the possibility for residents to adopt pollution reduction adaptive behavior.(6)Residents’ willingness to pay needs to be further improved,which is affected by gender and other factors.Among all respondents,less than half were willing to pay.Those who are unwilling to pay are more likely to have a lower income level(38%)and doubt the ability of the government to perform its work(33%).In 2018,the average resident is willing to pay 309 RMB/household/year to support the pollution reduction plan;Residents with high annual household income and short outdoor exposure are more willing to pay.In terms of gender,men are more willing to give than women.