Dynamic Deployment Of 2-D/3-D Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Based On Virtual Spring Force Algorithm

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a wireless communication network consisting of a large number of sensor nodes distributed in space.How to cover the target area with the most economical number of sensor nodes and achieve the best coverage is one of the hot research topics in WSN technology,which is important in real applications of large-scale sensor networks,such as ocean,atmosphere,and outer space exploration.This paper focuses on the studies the dynamic node deployment of 2D and 3D WSN based on virtual force algorithm.In the WSN deployment,the regular hexagonal structure is generally used as the best coverage model for the two-dimensional network.Here,we first proposed a dynamic deployment algorithm(VFA-SF)for two-dimensional WSN based on virtual spring force.This algorithm can converge quickly and has low complexity.We introduced the Pair Correlation Diversion(PCD)function to evaluate the similarity between the node deployment distribution and the regular hexagonal structure.Then,we run 100 independent simulation experiments to evaluate the detailed performance and stability of the VFA-SF algorithm.The statistical results show that the VFA-SF deployment has 40% probability in which sensor nodes can be deployed into the best topological coverage(the regular hexagonal structure),the corresponding PCD value is close to 0,and the final coverage can approach 100%.However,there is still 60% probability that the final network will have a distortion balance or a coverage hole.Their PCD values are between 0.05 and 0.45 and the corresponding coverage is about 98.5%.Therefore,in order to stably achieve the hexagonal structure and satisfy the higher coverage requirement of some WSN applications,we further optimized the VFA-SF algorithm to obtain a center priority in node deployment process(VFA-SFOPT).The previous 100 experiments were used to test this optimization strategy and all results can basically reach 100%.Furthermore,different simulation experiments were carried out based on the different parameters,different number of nodes and obstacle cases.The best coverage model of the 3D WSN has not been determined yet.Here we further discussed the sensor deployment in 3D WSN through the ball accumulation model in space.The most suitable coverage model was evaluated via analyzing the utilization of nodes from Voronoi unit.After our comparisons,the dodecahedron was selected as the target coverage model since its node utilization rate is as high as 66.5%.We then presented a dynamic deployment algorithm for 3D WSN(3D-VFA-SF)based on virtual spring force.The experimental tests were carried out in the three-dimensional space of 10×10×10m^3,and the corresponding performance were estimated by network coverage and node moving distances.Our simulation results still show that the 3D-VFA-SF algorithm can quickly improve the coverage of the three-dimensional network to over 99.5%,which has great research value in WSN network technology,especially the applications such as deep space or deep sea exploration.